UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
____________________________________________________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
____________________________________________________________________________________________
(Mark One)
x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017
or
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
Commission File Number: 001-36326
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ENDO INTERNATIONAL PLC
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Ireland | 68-0683755 |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
First Floor, Minerva House, Simmonscourt Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland | Not Applicable |
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) |
011-353-1-268-2000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Name of each exchange on which registered |
Ordinary shares, nominal value $0.0001 per share | The NASDAQ Global Market |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. | Yes þ No o |
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. | Yes o No þ |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. | Yes þ No o |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). | Yes þ No o |
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. | þ |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. | |||||||
Large accelerated filer | þ | Accelerated filer | o | ||||
Non-accelerated filer | o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Smaller reporting company | o | Emerging Growth Company | o | ||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. | o |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). | Yes o No þ |
The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2017 was $2,479,193,508 based on a closing sale price of $11.17 per share as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on June 30, 2017. Shares of the registrant’s ordinary shares held by each officer and director and each beneficial owner of 10% or more of the outstanding ordinary shares of the registrant have been excluded since such persons and beneficial owners may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. The registrant has no non-voting ordinary shares authorized or outstanding. | ||
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of ordinary shares, as of the latest practicable date. | ||
Ordinary shares, $0.0001 par value | Number of ordinary shares outstanding as of February 20, 2018: | 223,340,247 |
Documents Incorporated by Reference | ||
Portions of the registrant’s proxy statement to be filed with the SEC pursuant to Regulation 14A in connection with the registrant’s 2018 Annual General Meeting, to be filed subsequent to the date hereof, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. Such proxy statement will be filed with the SEC not later than 120 days after the conclusion of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. | ||
ENDO INTERNATIONAL PLC
INDEX TO FORM 10-K
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017
Page | ||
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Statements contained or incorporated by reference in this document contain information that includes or is based on “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (Securities Act) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act). These statements, including estimates of future revenues, future expenses, future net income and future net income per share, contained in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” which is included in this document, are subject to risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include the information concerning our possible or assumed results of operations. We have tried, whenever possible, to identify such statements by words such as “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “estimates,” “plan,” “projected,” “forecast,” “will,” “may” or similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about the growth of our business, our financial performance and the development of our industry. Because these statements reflect our current views concerning future events, these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Investors should note that many factors, as more fully described in Part I, Item 1A of this report under the caption “Risk Factors,” and as otherwise enumerated herein, could affect our future financial results and could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in forward-looking statements contained or incorporated by reference in this document.
We do not undertake any obligation to update our forward-looking statements after the date of this document for any reason, even if new information becomes available or other events occur in the future, except as may be required under applicable securities law. You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and with securities regulators in Canada on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval (SEDAR). Also note that, in Part I, Item 1A we provide a cautionary discussion of the risks, uncertainties and possibly inaccurate assumptions relevant to our business. These are factors that, individually or in the aggregate, we think could cause our actual results to differ materially from expected and historical results. We note these factors for investors as permitted by Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors. Consequently, you should not consider this to be a complete discussion of all potential risks or uncertainties.
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PART I
Item 1. Business
Overview
Unless otherwise indicated or required by the context, references throughout to “Endo,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” refer to financial information and transactions of Endo International plc and its subsidiaries.
Endo International plc is an Ireland-domiciled, global specialty pharmaceutical company focused on generic and branded pharmaceuticals. We aim to be the premier partner to healthcare professionals and payment providers, delivering an innovative suite of generic and branded drugs to meet patients’ needs. Endo International plc was incorporated in Ireland in 2013 as a private limited company and re-registered effective February 18, 2014 as a public limited company.
Our ordinary shares are traded on the NASDAQ Global Market (NASDAQ) under the ticker symbol “ENDP.” References throughout to “ordinary shares” refer to Endo International plc’s ordinary shares, 1,000,000,000 authorized, par value $0.0001 per share. In addition, we have 4,000,000 euro deferred shares outstanding, par value of $0.01 each.
Our global headquarters are located at Minerva House, Simmonscourt Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland (telephone number: 011-353-1-268-2000) and our U.S. headquarters are located at 1400 Atwater Drive, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355 (telephone number: 484-216-0000).
Across all of our businesses, we generated total revenues of $3.47 billion, $4.01 billion and $3.27 billion in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Our focus is on pharmaceutical products and we target areas where we believe we can build leading positions. We use a differentiated operating model based on a lean and nimble structure, the rational allocation of capital and an emphasis on high-value research and development (R&D) targets. While our primary focus is on organic growth, we evaluate and, where appropriate, execute on opportunities to expand through the acquisition of products and companies in areas that serve patients and customers and that we believe will offer above average growth characteristics and attractive margins. We believe our operating model and the execution of our corporate strategy will enable us to create shareholder value over the long-term.
As of December 31, 2017, the three reportable business segments in which the Company operates were: (1) U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals, (2) U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals and (3) International Pharmaceuticals. Differences in economic and other characteristics between our Sterile Injectables product portfolio, which is currently part of our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment, and the remaining U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment products have been heightened by recent competitive pressures and other industry trends impacting sales and profitability. In response to these trends, in February 2018, we made changes to the way we manage and evaluate our business. As a result, our first quarter 2018 Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q will reflect a change in segments. Our Sterile Injectables product portfolio, which was part of our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment as of December 31, 2017, will be presented as a new segment named “U.S. Branded - Sterile Injectables.” Additionally, our current U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals segment will be renamed “U.S. Branded - Specialty & Established Pharmaceuticals.” Subsequent to this change, we will have four reportable business segments: (1) U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals, (2) U.S. Branded - Specialty & Established Pharmaceuticals, (3) U.S. Branded - Sterile Injectables and (4) International Pharmaceuticals. Each of these segments will represent a separate reporting unit for goodwill testing purposes. Under U.S. GAAP, we are required to test the goodwill of the reporting units impacted by the change described above both immediately before and after the segment realignment. This analysis, which we expect to complete in connection with our first quarter 2018 financial reporting close, is expected to result in an impairment to the goodwill of the new U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals reporting unit, the amount of which could be material.
U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals
Our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment, which accounted for 66%, 64% and 51% of total revenues in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, focuses on high-barrier-to-entry products, including first-to-file or first-to-market opportunities that are difficult to formulate or manufacture or face complex legal and regulatory challenges. A first-to-file product, also known as a Paragraph IV product, refers to a generic product for which the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) containing a patent challenge to the corresponding branded product was the first to be filed with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A first-to-market product refers to a product that is the first marketed generic equivalent of a branded product for reasons apart from statutory marketing exclusivity, such as the generic equivalent of a branded product that is difficult to formulate or manufacture. First-to-file products offer the opportunity for 180 days of generic marketing exclusivity, except for competing authorized generic products, to the extent we are successful in litigating any patent challenges and receive final FDA approval of the products. First-to-market products allow us to mitigate risks from competitive pressure commonly associated with commoditized generic products.
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The product offerings of this segment consist of a differentiated product portfolio including solid oral extended-release, solid oral immediate-release, abuse-deterrent products, liquids, semi-solids, patches, powders, ophthalmics, sprays and sterile injectables and include products in the pain management, urology, central nervous system disorders, immunosuppression, oncology, women’s health and cardiovascular disease markets, among others. Our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment is among the largest U.S. generics company based on market share. Our largest U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals manufacturing sites are in Chestnut Ridge, New York; Irvine, California; Rochester, Michigan; and Chennai, India; which handle the production, assembly, quality assurance testing and packaging of our products. The majority of the products we manufacture are produced in our U.S. facilities.
This segment consists of our legacy generics business together with the generic pharmaceuticals products obtained through our September 25, 2015 acquisition of Par Pharmaceutical Holdings, Inc. (Par), which develops, licenses, manufactures, markets and distributes innovative and cost-effective pharmaceuticals that help improve patient quality of life.
U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals
Our U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals segment, which accounted for 28%, 29% and 39% of our total revenues in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, includes a variety of branded prescription products to treat and manage conditions in urology, urologic oncology, endocrinology, pain and orthopedics. The products that are included in this segment include XIAFLEX®, SUPPRELIN® LA, TESTOPEL®, NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray, AVEED®, OPANA® ER, PERCOCET®, VOLTAREN® Gel, LIDODERM®, TESTIM® and FORTESTA® Gel, among others.
This segment consists of our legacy branded business together with the branded products obtained through our January 29, 2015 acquisition of Auxilium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Auxilium), a fully integrated specialty pharmaceutical company with a focus on developing and commercializing innovative products for specific patients’ needs in orthopedics, dermatology and other therapeutic areas, and our September 25, 2015 acquisition of Par.
International Pharmaceuticals
The International Pharmaceuticals segment, which accounted for 7%, 7% and 10% of total revenues in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, includes a variety of specialty pharmaceutical products sold outside the U.S., primarily in Canada through our operating company Paladin Labs Inc. (Paladin). This segment’s key products serve growing therapeutic areas, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain, women’s health and oncology.
This segment also included: (i) our South African business, which was sold in July 2017 and consisted of Litha Healthcare Group Limited (Litha) and certain assets acquired from Aspen Holdings in October 2015 and (ii) our Latin American business consisting of Grupo Farmacéutico Somar, S.A.P.I. de C.V. (Somar), which was sold in October 2017. We expect this segment’s revenues to continue to decline in 2018 due to the divestitures of Litha and Somar.
Our Strategy
Our strategy is to focus on our core assets, a leading generics business and a specialty branded pharmaceutical business, that deliver high quality medicines to patients through excellence in development, manufacturing and commercialization. Through a lean and efficient operating model, we are committed to serving patients and customers while continuing to innovate and provide products that make a difference in the lives of patients. We strive to maximize shareholder value by adapting to market realities and customer needs.
We are committed to driving organic growth at attractive margins by improving execution, optimizing cash flow and leveraging our market position, while maintaining a streamlined cost structure throughout each of our businesses. Specific areas of management’s focus include:
• | U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals: Focusing on developing or acquiring high-barrier-to-entry products, including first-to-file or first-to-market opportunities that are difficult to formulate or manufacture or face complex legal and regulatory challenges. |
• | U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals: Accelerating performance of organic growth drivers in our Specialty Products portfolio, expanding margin in our Established Products portfolio and investing in key pipeline development opportunities. |
• | International Pharmaceuticals: Operating in regulated markets with durable revenue streams and where physicians play a significant role in choosing the course of therapy and expanding distribution of certain of our products outside of the U.S. |
We remain committed to strategic R&D across each business unit. Going forward, while our primary focus will be on organic growth, we will evaluate and, where appropriate, execute on opportunities to expand through acquisitions of products and companies.
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Our Competitive Strengths
To successfully execute our strategy, we must continue to capitalize on our following core strengths:
Experienced and dedicated management team. We have a highly skilled and customer-focused management team in critical leadership positions across all of Endo. Our senior management team has extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry and a proven track record of developing businesses and value creation. This experience includes improving business performance through organic revenue growth and through the identification, consummation and integration of licensing and acquisition opportunities.
Focus on the differentiated products of our generics business. We develop high-barrier-to-entry generic products, including first-to-file or first-to-market opportunities that are difficult to formulate or manufacture or face complex legal and regulatory challenges. We believe products with these characteristics will face a lesser degree of competition and therefore provide longer product life cycles and higher profitability than commodity generic products. Our business model continues to focus on being the lowest-cost producer of products in categories with higher barriers to entry and lower levels of competition by leveraging operational efficiency. Our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment is focused on categories where there are fewer challenges from low-cost operators.
Operational excellence. We have efficient, effective and high-quality manufacturing capabilities across a diversified array of dosage forms. We believe our comprehensive suite of technology, manufacturing and development competencies increases the likelihood of success in commercializing high-barrier-to-entry products and obtaining first-to-file and first-to-market status on future products, yielding more sustainable market share and profitability. For example, our capabilities in the rapidly growing U.S. market for sterile drug products, such as injectables and ophthalmics, and sterile vial and hormonal capabilities afford us with a broader and more diversified product portfolio and a greater selection of targets for potential development.
We believe that our competitive advantages include our integrated team-based approach to product development that combines our formulation, regulatory, legal, manufacturing and commercial capabilities; our ability to introduce new generic equivalents for brand-name drugs; our quality and cost-effective production; our ability to meet customer and/or patient expectations; and the breadth of our existing generic product portfolio offerings. Through our recent strategic assessments, we have taken further steps to optimize our generic, specialty branded and international product portfolios and now look to capitalize on a much stronger and durable in-line product portfolio and R&D pipeline. We are focused only on those marketed products that deliver acceptable returns on investment, thereby leveraging our existing platform to drive operational efficiency.
Growth of our branded Specialty Products portfolio while leveraging the strength of our Established Products portfolio. We have assembled a portfolio of branded prescription products offered by our U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals segment to treat and manage conditions in urology, urologic oncology, endocrinology, pain and orthopedics. Our Specialty Products portfolio includes, among other products: XIAFLEX®, SUPPRELIN® LA, TESTOPEL®, NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray and AVEED®. Our Established Products portfolio includes, among other products: PERCOCET®, VOLTAREN® Gel, LIDODERM®, TESTIM® and FORTESTA® Gel. For additional detail, see “Products Overview.”
Continuing proactive diversification of our business. Our primary focus is on organic growth. However, we will evaluate and, where appropriate, execute on opportunities to expand through acquisitions of products and companies in areas that will serve patients and customers and that we believe will offer above average growth characteristics and attractive margins. In particular, we will look to continue to enhance our product lines by acquiring or licensing rights to additional products and regularly evaluating selective acquisition opportunities.
Research and development expertise. Our R&D efforts are focused on the development of a balanced, diversified portfolio of innovative and clinically differentiated products. The acquisition of Auxilium added multiple, strategically-aligned programs to our branded pharmaceutical R&D pipeline with the addition of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH). Through our U.S. Generics business, we seek out and develop high-barrier-to-entry generic products, including first-to-file or first-to-market opportunities. We periodically review our generic products pipeline in order to better direct investment toward those opportunities that we expect will deliver the greatest returns. We remain committed to R&D across each business unit with a particular focus on assets with inherently lower risk profiles and clearly defined regulatory pathways. Our current R&D pipeline consists of products in various stages of development. For additional detail, see “Select Development Projects.”
Our R&D and regulatory affairs staff is based primarily in Chestnut Ridge, New York, Chennai, India, at our global headquarters in Dublin, Ireland and at our U.S. headquarters in Malvern, Pennsylvania.
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Targeted sales and marketing infrastructure. Our sales and marketing activities are primarily based in the U.S. and Canada and focus on the promotion of our Specialty Products portfolio. We market our products directly to specialty physicians, including those specializing in urology, orthopedics, pediatric endocrinology and bariatric surgery. Our sales force also targets retail pharmacies and other healthcare professionals. We distribute our products through independent wholesale distributors, but we also sell directly to retailers, clinics, government agencies, doctors, independent retail and specialty pharmacies and independent specialty distributors. Our marketing policy is designed to provide physicians, pharmacies, hospitals, public and private payers and appropriate healthcare professionals with products and relevant, appropriate medical information. We work to gain access to healthcare authority, pharmacy benefit managers and managed care organizations’ formularies (lists of recommended or approved medicines and other products), including Medicare Part D plans and reimbursement lists, by demonstrating the qualities and treatment benefits of our products within their approved indications.
Products Overview
U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals
The U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment’s product portfolio has over 280 generic prescription product families including solid oral extended-release, solid oral immediate-release, abuse-deterrent products, liquids, semi-solids, patches (which are medicated adhesive patches designed to deliver the drug through the skin), powders, ophthalmics (which are sterile pharmaceutical preparations administered for ocular conditions), sprays and sterile injectables and products in the pain management, urology, central nervous system disorders, immunosuppression, oncology, women’s health and cardiovascular disease markets, among others.
Generic drugs are the pharmaceutical and therapeutic equivalents of branded products and are generally marketed under their generic (chemical) names rather than by brand names. Generic products are substantially the same as branded products in dosage form, safety, efficacy, route of administration, quality, performance characteristics and intended use, but are generally sold at prices below those of the corresponding branded products and thus represent cost-effective alternatives for consumers.
Typically, a generic drug may not be marketed until the expiration of applicable patent(s) on the corresponding branded product, unless a resolution of patent litigation results in an earlier opportunity to enter the market. For additional detail, see “Governmental Regulation.” However, our generics portfolio also contains certain authorized generics, which are generic versions of branded drugs licensed by brand drug companies under a New Drug Application (NDA) and marketed as generics. Authorized generics do not face regulatory barriers to introduction and are not prohibited from sale during the 180-day marketing exclusivity period granted to the first-to-file ANDA applicant. Our authorized generics include lidocaine patch 5% (LIDODERM®), budesonide (Entocort® EC), and diclofenac sodium gel (VOLTAREN® Gel), among others. We believe we are a partner of choice to larger brand companies seeking an authorized generics distributor for their branded products. We have been the authorized generic distributor for such companies as AstraZeneca plc, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Novartis AG (Novartis) and Merck & Co., Inc.
The following table displays the product revenues to external customers in our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
U.S. Generics Base (1) | $ | 829,729 | $ | 1,230,097 | $ | 1,083,809 | |||||
Sterile Injectables | 654,270 | 530,805 | 107,592 | ||||||||
New Launches and Alternative Dosages (2) | 797,002 | 803,711 | 481,015 | ||||||||
Total U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals | $ | 2,281,001 | $ | 2,564,613 | $ | 1,672,416 | |||||
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(1) | U.S. Generics Base includes solid oral-extended release, solid oral-immediate release and pain/controlled substances products. |
(2) | New Launches and Alternative Dosages includes liquids, semi-solids, patches, powders, ophthalmics, sprays and new product launches. Products are included in New Launches during the calendar year of launch and the subsequent calendar year such that the period of time any product will be considered a New Launch will range from thirteen to twenty-four months. Subsequent to this thirteen to twenty-four month period that revenues are considered New Launches, these product revenues will be reflected as either U.S. Generics Base or Sterile Injectables, or will remain as an Alternative Dosage. |
U.S. Generics Base consists of more than 190 products, including solid oral-extended release, solid oral-immediate release and pain/controlled substances products. This category includes the antidepressant bupropion XL and a portfolio of pain products such as hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen tablets.
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Sterile Injectables consists of high-barrier-to-entry injectable products that are generally difficult to manufacture and may therefore face a lesser degree of competition. Products in this category include VASOSTRICT®, currently the first and only vasopressin injection with an NDA approved by the FDA, and ADRENALIN®. We have been issued five patents relating to VASOSTRICT® by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). These patents expire in January 2035 and were submitted to the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (known as the Orange Book). These patents are presently listed in the Orange Book. The Orange Book listing requires any ANDA or 505(b)(2) applicant (as further described below under the heading “Governmental Regulation”) seeking FDA approval for a generic version of VASOSTRICT® prior to patent expiry to notify us of its ANDA or 505(b)(2) filing before it can obtain FDA approval. Any ANDA or 505(b)(2) filer seeking approval prior to patent expiry whose application was not received prior to submission of the patent information would be subject to a 30-month stay of marketing approval by the FDA upon our initiation of Hatch-Waxman litigation against the ANDA or 505(b)(2) filer within the statutory time period.
New Launches and Alternative Dosages includes liquids, semi-solids, patches, powders, ophthalmics, sprays and new product launches. Products are included in New Launches during the calendar year of launch and the subsequent calendar year such that the period of time any product will be considered a New Launch will range from thirteen to twenty-four months. Products in the New Launches category include, among others, ephedrine sulfate injection, vigabatrin powder for oral solution and neostigmine injection, which were launched in 2017, and ezetimibe tablets, quetiapine ER tablets and the authorized generic of VOLTEREN® Gel, which were launched in 2016.
U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals
The following table displays the product revenues to external customers in our U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals segment for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
Specialty Products: | |||||||||||
XIAFLEX® | $ | 213,378 | $ | 189,689 | $ | 158,115 | |||||
SUPPRELIN® LA | 86,211 | 78,648 | 70,099 | ||||||||
Other Specialty (1) | 153,384 | 138,483 | 98,025 | ||||||||
Total Specialty Products | $ | 452,973 | $ | 406,820 | $ | 326,239 | |||||
Established Products: | |||||||||||
OPANA® ER | $ | 83,826 | $ | 158,938 | $ | 175,772 | |||||
PERCOCET® | 125,231 | 139,211 | 135,822 | ||||||||
VOLTAREN® Gel | 68,780 | 100,642 | 207,161 | ||||||||
LIDODERM® | 51,629 | 87,577 | 125,269 | ||||||||
Other Established (2) | 175,086 | 273,106 | 314,344 | ||||||||
Total Established Products | $ | 504,552 | $ | 759,474 | $ | 958,368 | |||||
Total U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals (3) | $ | 957,525 | $ | 1,166,294 | $ | 1,284,607 | |||||
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(1) | Products included within Other Specialty include TESTOPEL®, NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray, and AVEED®. |
(2) | Products included within Other Established include, but are not limited to, TESTIM® and FORTESTA® Gel, including the authorized generics. |
(3) | Individual products presented above represent the top two performing products in each product category and/or any product having revenues in excess of $100 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 or 2015. |
Specialty Products Portfolio
Endo commercializes a number of products within the market served by specialty distributors and specialty pharmacies, and in which healthcare practitioners (HCPs) can purchase and bill payers directly (the buy and bill market). Our current offerings primarily relate to two distinct areas: (i) urology treatments, which focus mainly on Peyronie’s disease (PD) and testosterone replacement therapies (TRT) for hypogonadism; and (ii) orthopedics/pediatric endocrinology treatments, which focus on Dupuytren’s contracture (DC) and central precocious puberty (CPP).
Key product offerings in this category include the following:
• | XIAFLEX®, which is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with DC with an abnormal buildup of collagen in the fingers which limits or disables hand function. It is also indicated for the treatment of adult men with PD with a collagen plaque and a penile curvature deformity of thirty degrees or greater at the start of therapy. XIAFLEX® is the first and only FDA-approved non-surgical treatment for PD. |
• | SUPPRELIN® LA, which is a soft, flexible 12-month hydrogel implant based on our hydrogel polymer technology that delivers histrelin acetate, a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and is indicated for the treatment of CPP in children. |
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• | TESTOPEL®, which is a unique, long-acting implantable pellet indicated for TRT in conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone. |
• | NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray, which is a prescription medicine used as a supplement to treat vitamin B12 deficiency and is the only FDA-approved B12 nasal spray. |
• | AVEED®, which is a novel, long-acting testosterone undecanoate for injection for the treatment of hypogonadism. AVEED® is dosed only five times per year after the first month of therapy. |
Established Products Portfolio
Endo’s Established Products portfolio’s current treatment offerings primarily relate to two distinct areas: (i) pain management, including products in the opioid analgesics and osteoarthritis pain segments and for the treatment of pain associated with post-herpetic neuralgia; and (ii) urology, which focuses mainly on treatment of hypogonadism. The Company’s legacy pain portfolio products are managed as mature brands.
Key product offerings in this category include, among others, the following:
• | PERCOCET®, which is an opioid analgesic approved for the treatment of moderate-to-moderately-severe pain. |
• | VOLTAREN® Gel, which is a topical prescription treatment for the relief of joint pain of osteoarthritis in the knees, ankles, feet, elbows, wrists and hands. VOLTAREN® Gel delivers effective pain relief with a favorable safety profile. |
• | LIDODERM®, which is a topical patch product containing lidocaine, approved for the relief of pain associated with post-herpetic neuralgia, a condition thought to result after nerve fibers are damaged during a case of Herpes Zoster (commonly known as shingles). |
• | TESTIM® (and its authorized generic), which is a topical gel indicated for TRT in conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone. |
• | FORTESTA® Gel (and its authorized generic), which is a patented two percent (2%) testosterone transdermal gel and is a treatment for men suffering from hypogonadism. |
Also included within this product portfolio is OPANA® ER, an opioid agonist indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate. In March 2017, we announced that the FDA’s Drug Safety and Risk Management and Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committees voted that the benefits of reformulated OPANA® ER (oxymorphone hydrochloride extended release) no longer outweigh its risks. In June 2017, we became aware of the FDA’s request that we voluntarily withdraw OPANA® ER from the market, and in July 2017, after careful consideration and consultation with the FDA, we decided to voluntarily remove OPANA® ER from the market. During the second quarter of 2017, we began to work with the FDA to coordinate an orderly withdrawal of the product from the market. By September 1, 2017, we ceased shipments of OPANA® ER to customers and we expect the New Drug Application will be withdrawn in the coming months.
International Pharmaceuticals
Our International Pharmaceuticals segment includes a variety of specialty pharmaceutical products sold outside the U.S., primarily in Canada through our operating company Paladin Labs Inc. (Paladin). This segment’s key products serve growing therapeutic areas, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), pain, women’s health and oncology.
Select Development Projects
U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals Pipeline
Our primary approach to generic pharmaceutical product development is to target high-barrier-to-entry generic products, including first-to-file or first-to-market opportunities. We expect such product opportunities to result in products that are either the exclusive generic or have two or fewer generic competitors when launched, which we believe tends to lead to more sustainable market share and profitability for our product portfolio.
As of December 31, 2017, our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment has over 175 products in its pipeline, which included approximately 100 ANDAs pending with the FDA representing approximately $30 billion of combined annual sales for the corresponding branded products in 2017. Of the 100 ANDAs, approximately 40 represent first-to-file opportunities or first-to-market opportunities. We periodically review our generic products pipeline in order to better direct investment toward those opportunities that we expect will deliver the greatest returns. This process can lead to decisions to discontinue certain R&D projects that may reduce the number of products in our previously reported generic pipeline.
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Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum
Collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) is currently approved and marketed in the U.S. under the trademark XIAFLEX® for the treatment of both DC and PD (two separate indications). We are progressing the branded cellulite treatment development program for CCH. We completed a Phase 2b clinical trial for this program, the results of which were released in November 2016. An End of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA occurred in early 2017 and, in February 2018, we initiated two identical Phase 3 clinical trials for CCH for the treatment of cellulite. The multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies will evaluate the safety and ability of CCH to reduce the appearance of cellulite.
We have global marketing rights for CCH for the treatment of cellulite. We also have the right to further develop CCH for additional indications, including Dupuytren’s nodules, adhesive capsulitis, lateral hip fat, plantar fibromatosis and human and canine lipomas.
Competition
Generic Pharmaceuticals
In the generic pharmaceutical market, we face intense competition from other generic drug manufacturers, brand name pharmaceutical companies through authorized generics, existing brand equivalents and manufacturers of therapeutically similar drugs. Our major competitors in the generics market, including Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited (Teva), Mylan N.V., Sandoz (a division of Novartis AG) and Impax Laboratories, Inc. (Impax), vary by product.
We make a significant portion of our sales to a relatively small number of drug wholesalers and retail drug store chains. These customers play a key role in the distribution chain of our pharmaceutical products. Drug wholesalers and retail drug store chains have undergone, and are continuing to undergo, significant consolidation, which has resulted in these groups gaining additional purchasing leverage that has increased the pricing pressures on our business. Additionally, the emergence of large buying groups representing independent retail pharmacies and other drug distributors, and the prevalence and influence of managed care organizations and similar institutions, enable those groups to demand larger price discounts on our products. For example, McKesson Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. entered into an agreement to jointly source generic pharmaceuticals and Express Scripts, through a wholly owned subsidiary, Innovative Product Alignment, LLC, announced it will participate in Walgreens Boots Alliance Development GmbH group purchasing organization. As a result of these alliances, the consolidation among wholesale distributors and the growth of large retail drug store chains, a small number of purchasers control a significant share of purchases and have gained more purchasing power that has heightened competition among generic drug producers for the business of this consolidated customer base.
Newly introduced generic products with limited or no other generic competition typically garner higher prices relative to commoditized generic products. As such, our primary strategy is to compete in the generic product market with a focus on high-value, first-to-file or first-to-market opportunities, regardless of therapeutic category, and products that present significant barriers to entry for reasons such as complex formulation or regulatory or legal challenges. For additional detail, see “Our Competitive Strengths - Focus on the differentiated products of our generics business.”
At the expiration of any statutory generic exclusivity period, other generic distributors may enter the market, resulting in significant price declines. Consequently, maintaining profitable operations in generic pharmaceuticals depends, in part, on our continuing ability to select, develop, procure regulatory approvals of, overcome legal challenges to, launch and commercialize new generic products in a timely and cost efficient manner and to maintain efficient, high quality manufacturing capabilities. For additional detail, see “Our Competitive Strengths-Operational excellence.”
Branded Pharmaceuticals
Our branded pharmaceutical products compete with products manufactured by many other companies in highly competitive markets throughout the U.S. and internationally, primarily through Paladin. Competitors include many of the major brand name and generic manufacturers of pharmaceuticals. With respect to branded pharmaceuticals, our competitors, including Mylan N.V., Allergan plc (Allergan), Purdue Pharma, L.P. (Purdue), Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc (Jazz), Shire plc (Shire), Horizon Pharma plc (Horizon) and Mallinckrodt plc (Mallinckrodt), among others, vary depending on therapeutic and product category, dosage strength and drug-delivery systems.
We compete principally through targeted product development and our acquisition and in-licensing strategies. The competitive landscape in the acquisition and in-licensing of pharmaceutical products has intensified in recent years as a result of a reduction in the number of compounds available and an increase in competitors bidding on available assets. In addition to product development and acquisitions, other competitive factors in the pharmaceutical industry include product efficacy, safety, ease of use, price, demonstrated cost-effectiveness, marketing effectiveness, service, reputation and access to technical information.
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Most new products that we introduce must compete with other products already on the market or products that are later developed by competitors. If competitors introduce new products, delivery systems or processes with therapeutic or cost advantages, our products can be subject to progressive price reductions and/or decreased volume of sales. Accordingly, the competitive environment of the branded product business requires us to continually seek out technological innovations and to market our products effectively. To successfully compete for business of managed care and pharmacy benefits management organizations, we must often demonstrate that our products offer not only medical benefits but also cost advantages as compared with other forms of care.
Some of our current branded products face competition not only from other brands, but also from generic versions. Such products include, among others, PERCOCET®, VOLTAREN® Gel, LIDODERM® and TESTIM®. Manufacturers of generic pharmaceuticals typically invest far less in R&D than research-based pharmaceutical companies and therefore can price their products significantly lower than branded products. Accordingly, when a branded product loses its market exclusivity, it normally faces intense price competition from generic forms of the product. Due to their significantly lower prices, generic versions, where available, may be substituted by pharmacies or required in preference to the branded version under third-party reimbursement programs.
In addition to those listed above, we are aware of certain competitive activities involving certain of our branded products. For a description of these competitive activities, including the litigation related to Paragraph IV Certification Notices, see Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules".
Seasonality
Although our business is affected by the purchasing patterns and concentration of our customers, our business is not materially impacted by seasonality.
Major Customers
We primarily sell our generic and branded pharmaceuticals to wholesalers, retail drug store chains, supermarket chains, mass merchandisers, distributors, mail order accounts, hospitals and government agencies. Our wholesalers and distributors purchase products from us and, in turn, supply products to retail drug store chains, independent pharmacies and managed health care organizations. Customers in the managed health care market include health maintenance organizations, nursing homes, hospitals, clinics, pharmacy benefit management companies and mail order customers. Total revenues from customers that accounted for 10% or more of our total consolidated revenues during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||
Cardinal Health, Inc. | 25 | % | 26 | % | 21 | % | ||
McKesson Corporation | 25 | % | 27 | % | 31 | % | ||
AmerisourceBergen Corporation | 25 | % | 25 | % | 23 | % | ||
Revenues from these customers are included within each of our segments.
As a result of consolidation among wholesale distributors and the growth of large retail drug store chains, a small number of large wholesale distributors control a significant share of the market, and the number of independent retail drug stores and small retail drug store chains has decreased. Some wholesale distributors have demanded that pharmaceutical manufacturers, including us, enter into distribution service agreements (DSAs) pursuant to which the wholesale distributors provide the pharmaceutical manufacturers with specific services, including the provision of periodic retail demand information and current inventory levels and other information. We have entered into certain of these agreements.
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Patents, Trademarks, Licenses and Proprietary Property
As of February 20, 2018, we held approximately: 243 U.S. issued patents, 64 U.S. patent applications pending, 551 foreign issued patents, and 150 foreign patent applications pending. In addition, as of February 20, 2018, we have licenses for approximately 41 U.S. issued patents, 36 U.S. patent applications pending, 157 foreign issued patents and 72 foreign patent applications pending. The following table sets forth information as of February 20, 2018 regarding patents relating to each of our most significant products:
Patent No. | Patent Expiration* | Relevant Product | Ownership | Jurisdiction Where Granted | ||||
7,718,640 | March 14, 2027 | AVEED® | Exclusive License | USA | ||||
8,338,395 | February 27, 2026 | AVEED® | Exclusive License | USA | ||||
RE39,941 | August 24, 2019 | XIAFLEX® | Exclusive License | USA | ||||
6,022,539 | June 3, 2019 | XIAFLEX® | Exclusive License | USA | ||||
7,811,560 | July 12, 2028 | XIAFLEX® | Owned; Exclusive License | USA | ||||
7,229,636 | August 1, 2024 | NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray | Owned | USA | ||||
7,404,489 | March 12, 2024 | NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray | Owned | USA | ||||
7,879,349 | August 1, 2024 | NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray | Owned | USA | ||||
8,003,353 | August 1, 2024 | NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray | Owned | USA | ||||
8,940,714 | February 26, 2024 | NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray | Owned | USA | ||||
9,415,007 | July 28, 2024 | NASCOBAL® Nasal Spray | Owned | USA | ||||
9,375,478 | January 30, 2035 | VASOSTRICT® | Owned | USA | ||||
9,687,526 | January 30, 2035 | VASOSTRICT® | Owned | USA | ||||
9,744,209 | January 30, 2035 | VASOSTRICT® | Owned | USA | ||||
9,744,239 | January 30, 2035 | VASOSTRICT® | Owned | USA | ||||
9,750,785 | January 30, 2035 | VASOSTRICT® | Owned | USA | ||||
9,119,876 | March 13, 2035 | ADRENALIN® | Owned | USA | ||||
9,295,657 | March 13, 2035 | ADRENALIN® | Owned | USA | ||||
__________
* | Our license agreements for the patents in the table above extend to or beyond the patent expiration dates. |
The effect of these issued patents is that they provide us with protection by virtue of our ability to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering for sale and importing that which is covered by their claims. The coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued. Accordingly, we do not know whether any of the applications we acquire or license will result in the issuance of patents, or, if any patents are issued, whether they will provide significant proprietary protection or will be challenged, circumvented or invalidated. Because unissued U.S. patent applications are maintained in secrecy for a period of eighteen months and U.S. patent applications filed prior to November 29, 2000 are not disclosed until such patents are issued, and since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain of the priority of inventions covered by pending patent applications. Moreover, we may have to participate in interference and other inter parties proceedings declared by the PTO to determine priority of invention, or in opposition proceedings in a foreign patent office, either of which could result in substantial cost to us, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. There can be no assurance that any patents, if issued, will be held valid by a court of competent jurisdiction. An adverse outcome could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, require disputed rights to be licensed from third parties or require us to cease using such technology.
We believe that our patents, the protection of discoveries in connection with our development activities, our proprietary products, technologies, processes and know-how and all of our intellectual property are important to our business. Many of our products, including certain of our generic products, are sold under trademarks. To achieve a competitive position, we rely on trade secrets, non-patented proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation, where patent protection is not believed to be appropriate or attainable. In addition, as outlined above, we have a number of patent licenses from third parties, some of which may be important to our business. See Note 11. License and Collaboration Agreements in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules". There can be no assurance that any of our patents, licenses or other intellectual property rights will afford us any protection from competition.
We rely on confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and other parties to protect, among other things, trade secrets and other proprietary technology. There can be no assurance that these agreements will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, that others will not independently develop equivalent proprietary information or that other third parties will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets and other intellectual property.
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We may find it necessary to initiate litigation to enforce our patent rights, to protect our intellectual property or trade secrets or to determine the scope and validity of the proprietary rights of others. Litigation is costly and time-consuming, and there can be no assurance that our litigation expenses will not be significant in the future or that we will prevail in any such litigation. See Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules".
Governmental Regulation
United States Food and Drug Administration and Drug Enforcement Administration
The pharmaceutical industry in the U.S. is subject to extensive and rigorous government regulation. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern or influence the testing, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, storage, record keeping, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution of pharmaceutical products. Noncompliance with applicable requirements can result in fines, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production and/or distribution, injunctions, refusal of the government to enter into supply contracts or to approve NDAs, ANDAs and Biologics License Applications (BLAs), civil penalties and criminal prosecution.
FDA approval is typically required before any new drug can be marketed. An NDA or BLA is a filing submitted to the FDA to obtain approval of new chemical entities and other innovations for which thorough applied research is required to demonstrate safety and effectiveness in use. The process generally involves:
• | Completion of preclinical laboratory and animal testing and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations; |
• | Submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug (IND) application for human clinical testing, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin in the U.S.; |
• | Approval by an independent institutional review board (IRB) before each trial may be initiated, and continuing review during the trial; |
• | Performance of human clinical trials, including adequate and well-controlled clinical trials in accordance with good clinical practices (GCPs) to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug product for each intended use; |
• | Submission of an NDA or BLA to the FDA; |
• | Satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the product’s manufacturing processes and facility or facilities to assess compliance with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations, and/or review of the Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (CMC) section of the NDA or BLA to require that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality, purity and potency; |
• | Satisfactory completion of an FDA advisory committee review, if applicable; and |
• | Approval by the FDA of the NDA or BLA. |
Clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, although the phases may overlap.
• | Phase 1 trials generally involve testing the product for safety, adverse effects, dosage, tolerance, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and other elements of clinical pharmacology. |
• | Phase 2 trials typically involve a small sample of the intended patient population to assess the efficacy of the compound for a specific indication, to determine dose tolerance and the optimal dose range as well as to gather additional information relating to safety and potential adverse effects. |
• | Phase 3 trials are undertaken in an expanded patient population at typically dispersed study sites, in order to determine the overall risk-benefit ratio of the compound and to provide an adequate basis for product labeling. |
Each trial is conducted in accordance with certain standards under protocols that detail the objectives of the study, the parameters to be used to monitor safety and efficacy criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND.
Data from preclinical testing and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA in an NDA or BLA for marketing approval and to foreign government health authorities in a marketing authorization application, consistent with each health authority’s specific regulatory requirements. Clinical trials are also subject to regulatory inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities to confirm compliance with applicable regulatory standards. The process of completing clinical trials for a new drug may take many years and require the expenditures of substantial resources. See Item 1A. Risk Factors - “The pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated, which creates uncertainty about our ability to bring new products to market and imposes substantial compliance costs on our business” for further discussion on FDA approval. As a condition of approval, the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities may require further studies, including Phase 4 post-marketing studies or post-marketing data reporting. Results of post-marketing programs may limit or expand the further marketing of the products.
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For some drugs, the FDA may require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to confirm a drug’s benefits outweigh its risks. REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans or other elements. See Item 1A. Risk Factors - “The pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated, which creates uncertainty about our ability to bring new products to market and imposes substantial compliance costs on our business” for further discussion, including examples of products sold by us that have been impacted by REMS.
In most instances, FDA approval of an ANDA is required before a generic equivalent of an existing or reference-listed drug can be marketed. The ANDA process is abbreviated in that the FDA waives the requirement of conducting complete preclinical and clinical studies and generally instead relies principally on bioequivalence studies. Bioequivalence generally involves a comparison of the rate of absorption and levels of concentration of a generic drug in the body with those of the previously approved drug. When the rate and extent of absorption of systemically acting test and reference drugs are considered the same under the bioequivalence requirement, the two drugs are considered bioequivalent and are generally regarded as therapeutically equivalent, meaning that a pharmacist can substitute the product for the reference-listed drug. Under certain circumstances, an ANDA may also be submitted for a product authorized by approval of an ANDA suitability petition. Such petitions may be submitted to secure authorization to file an ANDA for a product that differs from a previously approved drug in active ingredient, route of administration, dosage form or strength. In September 2007 and July 2012, Congress re-authorized pediatric testing legislation, which now requires ANDAs approved via the suitability petition route to conduct pediatric testing. The timing of final FDA approval of ANDA applications depends on a variety of factors, including whether the applicant challenges any listed patents for the drug and whether the manufacturer of the reference listed drug is entitled to one or more statutory exclusivity periods, during which the FDA is prohibited from approving generic products. In certain circumstances, a regulatory exclusivity period can extend beyond the life of a patent, and thus block ANDAs from being approved until after the patent expiration date.
Certain of our products are or could become regulated and marketed as biologic products pursuant to BLAs. Our BLA-licensed products were licensed based on a determination by the FDA of safety, purity and potency as required under the Public Health Service Act (PHSA). Although the ANDA framework referenced above does not apply to generics of BLA-licensed biologics, there is an abbreviated licensure pathway for products deemed to be biosimilar to, or interchangeable with, FDA-licensed reference biological products pursuant to the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (BPCIA). Under the BPCIA, following the expiration of a 12-year reference exclusivity period, the FDA may license, under section 351(k) of the PHSA, a biologic that it determines is biosimilar to, or interchangeable with, a reference product licensed under section 351(a) of the PHSA. Biosimilarity is defined to mean that the section 351(k) product is highly similar to the reference product, notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components, and that there are no clinically meaningful differences between the section 351(k) product and the reference product in terms of the safety, purity and potency. To be considered interchangeable, a product must be biosimilar to the reference product, be expected to produce the same clinical result as the reference product in any given patient and, if administered more than once to an individual, the risks in terms of safety or diminished efficacy of alternating or switching between use of the product and its reference product is not greater than the risk of using the reference product without such alternation or switch.
Once any regulatory exclusivity period for our BLA-licensed biologics expires, the FDA may approve another company’s BLA for a biosimilar or interchangeable version of our product. Although licensure of a biosimilar or interchangeable product is generally expected to require less than the full complement of product-specific preclinical and clinical data required for innovator products, the FDA has considerable discretion over the kind and amount of scientific evidence required to demonstrate biosimilarity and interchangeability.
Based on scientific developments, post-market experience or other legislative or regulatory changes, the current FDA standards of review for approving new pharmaceutical products are sometimes more stringent than those that were applied in the past, including for certain opioid products. As a result, the FDA does not have safety databases on these products that are as extensive as some products developed more recently. Accordingly, we believe the FDA has expressed an intention to develop such databases for certain of these products, including many opioids.
The 21st Century Cures Act (Cures Act) was signed into law on December 13, 2016. The Cures Act includes various provisions to accelerate the development and delivery of new treatments, such as those intended to expand the types of evidence manufacturers may submit to support FDA drug approval, to encourage patient-centered drug development, to liberalize the communication of healthcare economic information (HCEI) to payers and to create greater transparency with regard to manufacturer expanded access programs. Central to the Cures Act are provisions that enhance and accelerate the FDA’s processes for reviewing and approving new drugs and supplements to approved NDAs. These include, but are not limited to, provisions that (i) require the FDA to establish a program to evaluate the potential use of real world evidence to help to support the approval of a new indication for an approved drug and to help to support or satisfy post-approval study requirements, (ii) provide that the FDA may rely upon qualified data summaries to support the approval of a supplemental application with respect to a qualified indication for an already approved drug, (iii) require the FDA to issue guidance for purposes of assisting sponsors in incorporating complex adaptive and other novel trial designs into proposed clinical protocols and applications for new drugs and (iv) require the FDA to establish a process for the qualification of drug development tools for use in supporting or obtaining FDA approval for or investigational use of a drug.
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The Cures Act also includes $1 billion in new funding to address what the act refers to as the “opioid abuse crisis.” Specifically, the Cures Act authorizes the awarding of grants to states for the purpose of addressing opioid abuse within each state, with preference to be given to states with an incidence or prevalence of opioid use disorders that is substantially higher relative to other states. Funding would be provided for states to supplement opioid abuse prevention and treatment activities, such as improving prescription drug monitoring programs, implementing prevention activities, providing training for health care providers and expanding access to opioid treatment programs. States receiving such grants would be required to report on activities funded by the grant in the substance abuse block grant report.
We cannot determine what effect changes in the FDA’s laws or regulations (including legal or regulator interpretations), when and if promulgated, or upcoming advisory committee meetings may have on our business in the future. Changes could, among other things, require expanded or different labeling, additional testing, the recall or discontinuance of certain products and additional record keeping. Such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See Item 1A. Risk Factors - “The pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated, which creates uncertainty about our ability to bring new products to market and imposes substantial compliance costs on our business” for further discussion.
In September 2013, the FDA announced class-wide safety labeling changes and new post-market study requirements for all extended-release and long-acting (ER/LA) opioids. Among other things, the updated indication states that, because of the risks of addiction, abuse and misuse, even at recommended doses, and because of the greater risks of overdose and death, these drugs should be reserved for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are ineffective, not tolerated or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain; ER/LA opioid analgesics are not indicated for as-needed pain relief. The FDA is also requiring drug companies that make these products to conduct further studies and clinical trials to further assess the known serious risks of misuse, abuse, increased sensitivity to pain (hyperalgesia), addiction, overdose and death. It is not presently known what impact, if any, these changes to the indications for use or results from the post-marketing studies may have on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
A sponsor of an NDA is required to identify, in its application, any patent that claims the drug or a use of the drug subject to the application. Upon NDA approval, the FDA lists these patents in a publication referred to as the Orange Book. Any person that files an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) of the FFDCA must make a certification in respect to listed patents, the type of NDA that may rely upon the data in the application for which the patents are listed or an ANDA to secure approval of a generic version of this first, or listed drug. The FDA may not approve such an application for the drug until expiration of the listed patents unless (i) the generic applicant certifies that the listed patents are invalid, unenforceable or not infringed by the proposed generic drug and gives notice to the holder of the NDA for the listed drug of the basis upon which the patents are challenged and (ii) the holder of the listed drug does not sue the later applicant for patent infringement within 45 days of receipt of notice. Under the current law, if an infringement suit is filed, the FDA may not approve the later application until the earliest of: (i) 30 months after submission, (ii) entry of an appellate court judgment holding the patent invalid, unenforceable or not infringed, (iii) such time as the court may order or (iv) expiration of the patent.
One of the key motivators for challenging patents is the 180-day marketing exclusivity period granted to the developer of a generic version of a product that is the first to have its ANDA accepted for filing by the FDA and whose filing includes a certification that the applicable patent(s) are invalid, unenforceable and/or not infringed (a Paragraph IV certification) and that otherwise does not forfeit eligibility for the exclusivity. Under the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (2003 Medicare Act), with accompanying amendments to the Hatch-Waxman Act (Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act), this marketing exclusivity would begin to run upon the earlier of the commercial launch of the generic product or upon an appellate court decision in the generic company’s favor or in favor of another ANDA applicant who had filed with a Paragraph IV certification and has tentative approval. In addition, the holder of the NDA for the listed drug may be entitled to certain non-patent exclusivity during which the FDA cannot approve an application for a competing generic product or 505(b)(2) NDA product.
The FDA also regulates pharmacies and outsourcing facilities that prepare “compounded” drugs pursuant to section 503A and 503B of the FFDCA, respectively. For instance, pharmacies may compound drugs for an identified individual based on the receipt of a valid prescription order, or notation approved by the prescribing practitioner, that a compounded product is necessary for the identified patient. Similarly, outsourcing facilities may compound drugs and sell them to healthcare providers, but not wholesalers or distributors. Although section 503A pharmacies and section 503B outsourcing facilities are subject to many regulatory requirements, compounded drugs are not subject to premarket review by FDA and, therefore, may not have the same level of safety and efficacy assurances of drugs subject to premarket review and approval by the FDA. Because they are not subject to premarket review, compounded drugs are frequently lower cost than either branded or generic drug products.
The FDA enforces regulations to require that the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, the manufacture, processing, packing and holding of drugs conform to cGMPs. The cGMP regulations the FDA enforces are comprehensive and cover all aspects of manufacturing operations. Compliance with the regulations requires a continuous commitment of time, money and effort in all operational areas.
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The FDA conducts pre-approval inspections of facilities engaged in the development, manufacture, processing, packing, testing and holding of the drugs subject to NDAs and ANDAs. In addition, manufacturers of both pharmaceutical products and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) used to formulate the drug also ordinarily undergo a pre-approval inspection. Failure of any facility to pass a pre-approval inspection will result in delayed approval and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
The FDA also conducts periodic inspections of drug facilities to assess the cGMP status of marketed products. Following such inspections, the FDA may issue an untitled letter as an initial correspondence that cites violations that do not meet the threshold of regulatory significance for a Warning Letter. FDA guidelines also provide for the issuance of Warning Letters for violations of “regulatory significance” for which the failure to adequately and promptly achieve correction may be expected to result in an enforcement action. Finally, the FDA could issue a Form 483 Notice of Inspectional Observations, which could cause us to modify certain activities identified during the inspection. If the FDA were to find serious cGMP non-compliance during such an inspection, it could take regulatory actions that could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Imported API and other components needed to manufacture our products could be rejected by U.S. Customs. In respect to domestic establishments, the FDA could initiate product seizures or request, or in some instances require, product recalls and seek to enjoin or otherwise limit a product’s manufacture and distribution. In certain circumstances, violations could support civil penalties and criminal prosecutions. In addition, if the FDA concludes that a company is not in compliance with cGMP requirements, sanctions may be imposed that include preventing that company from receiving the necessary licenses to export its products and classifying that company as an unacceptable supplier, thereby disqualifying that company from selling products to federal agencies.
Certain of our subsidiaries sell products that are “controlled substances” as defined in the CSA and implementing regulations, which establish certain security and record keeping requirements administered by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The DEA regulates controlled substances as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances, with Schedule I and II substances considered to present the highest risk of substance abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest risk. The active ingredients in some of our products are listed by the DEA as Schedule II or III substances under the CSA. Consequently, their manufacture, shipment, storage, sale and use are subject to a high degree of regulation.
The DEA limits the availability of the active ingredients that are subject to the CSA used in several of our products as well as the production of these products. We or our contract manufacturing organizations must annually apply to the DEA for procurement and production quotas in order to obtain and produce these substances. As a result, our quotas may not be sufficient to meet commercial demand or complete clinical trials. Moreover, the DEA may adjust these quotas from time to time during the year, although the DEA has substantial discretion in whether or not to make such adjustments. See Item 1A. Risk Factors - “The DEA limits the availability of the active ingredients used in many of our products as well as the production of these products, and, as a result, our procurement and production quotas may not be sufficient to meet commercial demand or complete clinical trials” for further discussion on DEA regulations. To meet its responsibilities, the DEA conducts periodic inspections of registered establishments that handle controlled substances. Annual registration is required for any facility that manufactures, tests, distributes, dispenses, imports or exports any controlled substance. The facilities must have the security, control and accounting mechanisms required by the DEA to prevent loss and diversion of controlled substances. Failure to maintain compliance can result in enforcement action that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The DEA may seek civil penalties, refuse to renew necessary registrations, or initiate proceedings to revoke or restrict those registrations. In certain circumstances, violations could result in criminal proceedings.
Individual states also regulate controlled substances and we, as well as our third-party API suppliers and manufacturers, are subject to such regulation by several states with respect to the manufacture and distribution of these products.
Government Benefit Programs
As described further in Item 1A. Risk Factors, statutory and regulatory requirements for government healthcare programs such as Medicaid, Medicare and TRICARE govern access and provider reimbursement levels, and provide for other cost-containment measures such as requiring pharmaceutical companies to pay rebates or refunds for certain sales of products reimbursed by such programs, or subjecting sales of their products to certain price ceilings. In addition to the cost-containment measures described in Item 1A. Risk Factors, drug sales to retail pharmacies under the TRICARE Retail Pharmacy Program are subject to certain price ceilings which require manufacturers to, among other things, pay refunds for prescriptions filled based on the applicable ceiling price limits. Beginning in the first quarter of 2017, pursuant to the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, drug manufacturers are required to pay additional rebates to state Medicaid programs if the prices of their non-innovator drugs rise at a rate faster than inflation (as continues to be the case for innovator products).
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The federal government may continue to pursue legislation aimed at containing or reducing payment levels for prescription pharmaceuticals paid for in whole or in part with government funds. As is the case in California and Nevada, the state governments also may continue to enact similar cost containment or transparency legislation. We cannot predict the nature of these or other such measures or their impact on our profitability and cash flows. These efforts could, however, have material consequences for the pharmaceutical industry and the Company.
From time to time, legislative changes are made to government healthcare programs that impact our business. Congress continues to examine various Medicare and Medicaid policy proposals that may result in a downward pressure on the prices of prescription drugs in these programs. See Item 1A. Risk Factors - “The availability of third party reimbursement for our products is uncertain, and thus we may find it difficult to maintain current price levels. Additionally, the market may not accept those products for which third party reimbursement is not adequately provided” for further discussion on Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements.
Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescription drugs must pay an annual fee to the federal government. Each individual pharmaceutical manufacturer must pay a prorated share of the total industry fee (the fee was $3 billion for 2016 and is $4 billion for 2017, $4.1 billion for 2018 and $2.8 billion for years thereafter) based on the dollar value of its branded prescription drug sales to specified federal programs. PPACA also expanded health insurance coverage to many previously uninsured Americans, through a combination of federal subsidies for lower-income individuals who enrolled in health plans through health insurance exchanges and enabling states to expand Medicaid eligibility with the federal government paying a high share of the cost.
Following the November 2016 U.S. elections, uncertainty continues to exist about the future of federal subsidies and of insurance coverage expansion; the current administration and congressional leaders continue to express interest in repealing these PPACA provisions and replacing them with alternatives that may be less costly and provide state Medicaid programs and private health plans more flexibility. The recent U.S. tax reform legislation enacted by Congress and signed into law by President Trump, The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, repealed the requirement that individuals maintain health insurance coverage or face a penalty (known as the “individual mandate”). The removal of this provision, coupled with the threat of the repeal of other PPACA provisions, threaten the stability of the insurance marketplace and may have consequences for the coverage and accessibility of prescription drugs.
Healthcare Fraud and Abuse Laws
We are subject to various federal, state and local laws targeting fraud and abuse in the healthcare industry, violations of which can lead to civil and criminal penalties, including fines, imprisonment and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. These laws are potentially applicable to us as both a manufacturer and a supplier of products reimbursed by federal healthcare programs, and they also apply to hospitals, physicians and other potential purchasers of our products.
The federal Anti-Kickback Statute (42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b)) prohibits persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, or the furnishing, recommending, or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Remuneration is not defined in the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including for example, gifts, discounts, coupons, the furnishing of supplies or equipment, credit arrangements, payments of cash, waivers of payments, ownership interests and providing anything at less than its fair market value. Under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the applicable criminal healthcare fraud statutes contained within 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b, a person or entity need not have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the government may assert that a claim, including items or services resulting from a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b, constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act (discussed below) or the civil monetary penalties statute, which imposes fines against any person who is determined to have presented or caused to be presented claims to a federal healthcare program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute and implementing regulations provide for certain exceptions for “safe harbors” for certain discounting, rebating or personal services arrangements, among other things. However, the lack of uniform court interpretation of the Anti-Kickback Statute makes compliance with the law difficult. Violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute can result in significant criminal fines, exclusion from participation in Medicare and Medicaid and follow-on civil litigation, among other things, for both entities and individuals.
Other federal healthcare fraud-related laws also provide criminal liability for violations. The Criminal Healthcare Fraud statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1347 prohibits knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payers. Federal criminal law at 18 U.S.C. § 1001, among other sections, prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. See Item 1A. Risk Factors - “We are subject to various regulations pertaining to the marketing of our products and services” for further discussion on the Anti-Kickback Statute.
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The civil False Claims Act and similar state laws impose liability on any person or entity who, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment by a federal healthcare program. The qui tam provisions of the False Claims Act and similar state laws allow a private individual to bring civil actions on behalf of the federal or state government and to share in any monetary recovery. The Federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act and similar state laws impose reporting requirements for various types of payments to physicians and teaching hospitals. Failure to comply with required reporting requirements under these laws could subject manufacturers and others to substantial civil money penalties. In addition, government entities and private litigants have asserted claims under state consumer protection statutes against pharmaceutical and medical device companies for alleged false or misleading statements in connection with the marketing, promotion and/or sale of pharmaceutical and medical device products, including state investigations of the Company regarding the Company’s vaginal mesh devices and investigations and litigation by certain government entities regarding the Company’s marketing of opioid products.
International Regulations
Through our international operations, the Company is subject to laws and regulations that differ from those under which the Company operates in the U.S. In most cases, non-U.S. regulatory agencies evaluate and monitor the safety, efficacy and quality of pharmaceutical products, govern the approval of clinical trials and product registrations and regulate pricing and reimbursement. Certain international markets have differing product preferences and requirements and operate in an environment of government-mandated, cost-containment programs, including price controls. Certain governments have placed restrictions on physician prescription levels and patient reimbursements, emphasized greater use of generic drugs and enacted across-the-board price cuts as methods of cost control.
Whether or not FDA approval has been obtained for a product, approval of the product by comparable regulatory authorities of other governments must be obtained prior to marketing the product in those jurisdictions. The approval process may be more or less rigorous than the U.S. process and the time required for approval may be longer or shorter than is required in the U.S.
Service Agreements
We contract with various third parties to provide certain critical services including manufacturing, supply, warehousing, distribution, customer service, certain financial functions, certain research and development activities and medical affairs.
For a complete description of our significant manufacturing, supply and other service agreements, see Note 11. License and Collaboration Agreements and Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules".
We primarily purchase our raw materials for the production and development of our products in the open market from third party suppliers. However, some raw materials are only available from one source. We attempt, when possible, to mitigate our raw material supply risks through inventory management and alternative sourcing strategies. We are required to identify the suppliers of all raw materials for our products in the drug applications that we file with the FDA. If the raw materials from an approved supplier for a particular product become unavailable, we would be required to qualify a substitute supplier with the FDA, which would likely interrupt manufacturing of the affected product. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion on the risks associated with the sourcing of our raw materials.
License & Collaboration Agreements and Acquisitions
We continue to seek to enhance our product line and develop a balanced portfolio of differentiated products through product acquisitions and in-licensing, or acquiring licenses to products, compounds and technologies from third parties. The Company enters into strategic alliances and collaborative arrangements with third parties, which give the Company rights to develop, manufacture, market and/or sell pharmaceutical products, the rights to which are primarily owned by these third parties. These alliances and arrangements can take many forms, including licensing arrangements, co-development and co-marketing agreements, co-promotion arrangements, research collaborations and joint ventures. Such alliances and arrangements enable us to share the risk of incurring all research and development expenses that do not lead to revenue-generating products; however, because profits from alliance products are shared with the counter-parties to the collaborative arrangement, the gross margins on alliance products are generally lower, sometimes substantially so, than the gross margins that could be achieved had the Company not opted for a development partner. For a discussion of material agreements and acquisitions, including agreement terms and status, see our disclosures in Note 5. Acquisitions and Note 11. License and Collaboration Agreements in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules".
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Environmental Matters
Our operations are subject to substantial federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other matters, the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of, and exposure to, hazardous substances. Violation of these laws and regulations, which frequently change, can lead to substantial fines and penalties. Many of our operations require environmental permits and controls to prevent and limit pollution of the environment. We believe that our facilities and the facilities of our third party service providers are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations and we do not believe that future compliance will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
Employees
As of February 20, 2018, we have 3,039 employees, of which 484 are engaged in research and development and regulatory work, 398 in sales and marketing, 1,087 in manufacturing, 558 in quality assurance and 512 in general and administrative capacities. Our employees are generally not represented by unions, with the exception of certain production personnel in our Rochester, Michigan manufacturing facility. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.
Executive Officers of the Registrant
The following table sets forth information as of February 27, 2018 regarding each of our current executive officers:
Name | Age | Position and Offices | ||
Paul V. Campanelli | 55 | President and Chief Executive Officer and Director | ||
Blaise Coleman | 44 | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer | ||
Terrance J. Coughlin | 52 | Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer | ||
Tony Pera | 60 | President, Par Pharmaceutical | ||
Matthew J. Maletta | 46 | Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer | ||
Patrick Barry | 50 | Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer | ||
Biographies
Our executive officers are briefly described below:
PAUL V. CAMPANELLI, 55, was appointed President, Chief Executive Officer and a Director effective September 23, 2016. Mr. Campanelli joined Endo in 2015 as the President of Par Pharmaceutical, leading Endo’s fully integrated U.S. Generics business, following Endo’s acquisition of Par Pharmaceutical. Prior to joining Endo, he had served as Chief Executive Officer of Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. following the company’s September 2012 acquisition by TPG. Prior to the TPG acquisition, Mr. Campanelli served as Chief Operating Officer and President of Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. from 2011 to 2012. At Par Pharmaceutical Inc., Mr. Campanelli had also served as Senior Vice President, Business Development & Licensing; Executive Vice President and President of Par Pharmaceutical, Inc.; and was named a Corporate Officer by its board of directors. He also served on the board of directors of Sky Growth Holdings Corporation from 2012 until 2015. Mr. Campanelli joined Par Pharmaceutical Companies Inc. in 2001. Prior to joining Par Pharmaceutical Companies Inc., Mr. Campanelli served as Vice President, Business Development at Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. where he was employed from 1992 to 2001. Mr. Campanelli earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Springfield College.
BLAISE COLEMAN, 44, was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer effective December 19, 2016. Mr. Coleman was serving as Endo's Interim Chief Financial Officer since November 22, 2016. He joined Endo in January 2015 as Vice President of Corporate Financial Planning & Analysis, and was then promoted to Senior Vice President, Global Finance Operations in November 2015. Prior to joining Endo, Mr. Coleman held a number of finance leadership roles with AstraZeneca, a global biopharmaceutical company, most recently as the Chief Financial Officer of the AstraZeneca/Bristol-Myers Squibb US Diabetes Alliance from January 2013 until January 2015. Prior to that, he was the Head of Finance for the AstraZeneca Global Medicines Development organization based in Mölndal, Sweden from September 2011 to January 2013. Mr. Coleman joined AstraZeneca as Senior Director Commercial Finance for the US Cardiovascular Business in November 2007. He joined AstraZeneca from Centocor, a wholly owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, where he held positions in both the Licenses & Acquisitions and Commercial Finance organizations. Mr. Coleman’s move to Centocor in early 2003 followed 7 years’ experience with the global public accounting firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Mr. Coleman is a Certified Public Accountant; he holds a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting from Widener University and an M.B.A. from the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University.
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TERRANCE J. COUGHLIN, 52, was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer effective November 1, 2016. In this role, Mr. Coughlin has responsibility for Manufacturing and Technical Operations and R&D across the enterprise. Most recently, Mr. Coughlin served as Vice President, Operations of Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc., a subsidiary of Endo. Prior to Endo’s acquisition of Par in September 2015, Mr. Coughlin was the Chief Operating Officer of Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. Prior to joining Par, Mr. Coughlin held a number of leadership roles with Glenmark Generics, Inc. USA/Glenmark Generics Limited latterly as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Glenmark Generics, Inc. USA/Glenmark Generics Limited. Prior to this, Mr. Coughlin had the overall responsibility for Glenmark’s North American, Western European and Eastern European generics businesses, as well as its global active pharmaceutical ingredient business and generics operations in India. Prior to joining Glenmark, Mr. Coughlin served as Senior Vice President at Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Inc. Mr. Coughlin began his career in 1988 with Wyckoff Chemical Company, Inc. Mr. Coughlin earned a B.S. in chemistry from Central Michigan University.
TONY PERA, 60, was named President, Par Pharmaceutical effective November 1, 2016. In this role, Mr. Pera leads Endo’s U.S. Generics business including responsibility and oversight of Par Generic and Par Sterile sales teams, as well as Par’s marketing & business analytics group. Most recently, Mr. Pera served as Chief Commercial Officer of Par Pharmaceutical. He joined Par in February 2014 as part of Par’s acquisition of JHP Pharmaceutical, where he held a similar position. As Chief Commercial Officer, Mr. Pera was responsible for all sales, marketing, pricing and customer operations functions for Par. Prior to JHP and Par, Mr. Pera was Senior Vice President of Supply Chain Management for AmerisourceBergen (ABC), a major U.S. pharmaceutical wholesaler, for approximately five years. Prior to ABC, he held numerous senior leadership positions with generic drug companies including APP (now Fresenius Kabi), Bedford Laboratories and LyphoMed. Mr. Pera started his career as a sales representative for the parenteral products division of Baxter. Mr. Pera holds a B.S. in Business Administration from the University of Illinois in Champaign and an M.B.A. from DePaul University.
MATTHEW J. MALETTA, 46, was appointed Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer effective May 4, 2015. Prior to joining Endo, Mr. Maletta served as Vice President, Associate General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Allergan, Inc. In this position, he served as an advisor to the CEO and Board of Directors and supervised several large M&A transactions and takeover defense activities, including Allergan’s acquisition of Inamed and Actavis’ acquisition of Allergan. Mr. Maletta first joined Allergan in 2002 as Corporate Counsel and Assistant Secretary and during his tenure, held various roles of increased responsibility. Prior to joining Allergan, Mr. Maletta was in private practice, focusing on general corporate matters, finance, governance, securities and transactions. He holds a B.A. degree in political science from the University of Minnesota, summa cum laude, and a J.D. degree, cum laude, from the University of Minnesota Law School.
PATRICK BARRY, 50, was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer effective February 26, 2018. In this role, he has responsibility for all commercial activities for U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals, including strategy, new product planning, marketing, sales as well as managed care and patient access responsibilities. Mr. Barry joined Endo in December 2016 as Senior Vice President, U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals. Prior to joining Endo, Mr. Barry worked at Sanofi S.A. from April 1992 until December 2016, holding roles of increasing responsibility in areas such as Sales Leadership, Commercial Operations, Marketing, Launch Planning and Training and Leadership Development. Most recently, he served at Sanofi S.A. as its General Manager and Head of North America General Medicines starting in September 2015 and as Vice President and Head of U.S. Specialty from April 2014 until August 2015. During this time, Mr. Barry oversaw three complex and diverse businesses with responsibility for leading sales and marketing activities for branded and generic products across the U.S. and Canada. He has a diverse therapeutic experience including aesthetics and dermatology, oncology, urology, orthopedics and medical device and surgical experience. He has an M.B.A. from Cornell University, Johnson School of Management and a B.A. in Public Relations and Marketing from McKendree University.
We have employment agreements with each of our executive officers.
Available Information
Our internet address is www.endo.com. The contents of our website are not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and our internet address is included in this document as an inactive textual reference only. We make our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the Securities and Exchange Commission.
You may also read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room that is located at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, DC 20549. Information about the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 or 1-202-551-8090. You can also access our filings through the SEC’s internet site: www.sec.gov (intended to be an inactive textual reference only).
You may also access copies of the Company’s filings with the Canadian Securities Administrators on SEDAR through their internet site: www.sedar.com (intended to be an inactive textual reference only).
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
We operate in a highly competitive industry.
The pharmaceutical industry is intensely competitive and we face competition in both our domestic and international branded and generic pharmaceutical business. In addition to product development and technological innovation, safety, efficacy, commercialization, marketing and promotion, other competitive factors include product quality and price, cost-effectiveness, reputation, service and patient convenience and access to scientific and technical information. Many of our competitors, including Teva, Mylan N.V., Sandoz (a division of Novartis AG), Impax, Allergan, Purdue, Jazz, Shire, Horizon and Mallinckrodt, among others, and any future companies that may enter the industry or modify their existing products to compete directly with our products, may have greater resources than we do and we cannot predict with certainty the timing or impact of competitors’ products and commercialization strategies. Furthermore, recent trends in this industry are toward further market consolidation of large drug companies into a smaller number of very large entities, further concentrating financial, technical and market strength and increasing competitive pressure in the industry. It is possible that our competitors may make greater research and development investments and have more efficient or superior processes and systems and more experience in the development of new products that permit our competitors to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements which may make our products or technologies uncompetitive or obsolete. Furthermore, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private organizations conducting research may seek patent protection and may establish collaborative arrangements for competitive products or programs. If we fail to compete successfully, our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
Our branded products face competition from generic versions. Such versions are generally significantly cheaper than branded versions and, where available, may be required or encouraged in place of the branded version under third-party reimbursement programs, or substituted by pharmacies for branded versions by law. The entrance of such competition to our branded products generally reduces our market share and adversely affects our profitability and cash flows. Further, certain Asian and other overseas generic competitors may be able to produce products at costs lower than the costs of domestic manufacturers. If we experience substantial competition from Asian or other overseas generic competitors with lower production costs, our profit margins will suffer. In addition, certain of our branded products are not protected by patent rights or have limited patent life and will soon lose patent protection. Loss of patent protection for a branded product typically is followed promptly by generic substitutes. As a result, sales of many of these branded products may decline or stop growing over time. Generic competition with our branded products has had and will continue to have a material adverse effect on the market share, net sales and profitability of our branded products. In addition, legislative proposals emerge from time to time in various jurisdictions to further encourage the early and rapid approval of generic drugs. Any such proposal that is enacted into law could increase competition and worsen this negative effect on our sales and profitability.
In addition, our generics business faces competition from brand-name pharmaceutical companies, which have taken aggressive steps to thwart or delay competition from generic equivalents of their brand-name products, including bringing litigation alleging patent infringement or other violation of intellectual property rights. The actions taken by competing brand name pharmaceutical companies may increase the costs and risks associated with our efforts to introduce generic products and may delay or prevent such introduction altogether. For example, if a brand-name pharmaceutical company’s patent was held to be valid and infringed by our generic products in a particular jurisdiction, we would be required to either obtain a license from the patent holder or cease the manufacture and sale of such generic product.
Our sales may also suffer as a result of changes in consumer demand for our products, including those related to fluctuations in consumer buying patterns tied to seasonality or the introduction of new products by competitors, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial conditions and cash flows. Additionally, a significant portion of our revenue from our branded business is derived from a limited number of products. The sale of our products can be significantly influenced by market conditions and regulatory actions. We may experience decreases in the sale of our products in the future as a result of actions taken by our competitors, such as price reductions, or as a result of regulatory actions related to our products or to competing products. A decline in the sales value of these products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
If generic manufacturers use litigation and regulatory means to obtain approval for generic versions of our branded drugs, our sales may suffer.
Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can approve an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for a generic bioequivalent version of a previously approved drug, without requiring the ANDA applicant to undertake the full clinical testing necessary to obtain approval to market a new drug. In place of such clinical studies, an ANDA applicant usually needs only to submit data demonstrating that its generic product is bioequivalent to the branded product.
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Various generic manufacturers have filed ANDAs seeking FDA approval for generic versions of certain of our key pharmaceutical products, including but not limited to LIDODERM® and AVEED®. In connection with such filings, these manufacturers have challenged the validity and/or enforceability of one or more of the underlying patents protecting our products. In the case of LIDODERM®, we no longer have patent protection in the markets where we sell these products. Our revenues from LIDODERM® have been negatively affected by Actavis’s September 2013 launch and Mylan’s August 2015 launch of their lidocaine patch 5%, generic versions of LIDODERM®, and we anticipate that these revenues could decrease further should one or more additional generic versions launch. We also believe it is likely that generic manufacturers may file ANDAs in the future seeking FDA approval or may use other means to seek FDA approval for generic versions of other of our key pharmaceutical products. With respect to AVEED® and other branded pharmaceutical products, it has been and continues to be our practice to vigorously defend and pursue all available legal and regulatory avenues in defense of the intellectual property rights protecting our products. Despite our efforts to defend our products, litigation is inherently uncertain, and we cannot predict the timing or outcome of our efforts. If we are not successful in defending our intellectual property rights or opt to settle, or if a product’s marketing exclusivity rights expire or become otherwise unenforceable, our competitors could ultimately launch generic versions of our products, which would likely cause sales and revenues of the affected products to decline rapidly and materially, could require us to write off a portion or all of the intangible assets associated with the affected product and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows as well as our share price. For a description of the material related legal proceedings, see Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules". As a result, there are currently ongoing legal proceedings brought by us and/or our subsidiaries, and in certain cases our third party partners, against manufacturers seeking FDA approval for generic versions of our products.
If pharmacies or outsourcing facilities produce compounded versions of our products, our sales may suffer.
Under section 503A of the FFDCA, licensed pharmacies may sell compounded versions of prescription drugs that have been prepared for individual patients based on the receipt of a valid prescription order or notation. Similarly, under section 503B of the FFDCA, outsourcing facilities may sell compounded versions of prescription drugs to healthcare providers. In January 2017, FDA revised its policy to allow outsourcing facilities to “nominate” bulk drug substances that can be used to prepare compounded drugs under section 503B, although that policy is the subject of a pending legal challenge by us. Compounded drugs do not typically require the same R&D investments as either branded or generic drugs and, therefore, can compete more favorably on price with both branded and generic versions of a drug. To the extent that pharmacies or outsourcing facilities introduce compounded versions of our products, our market share could be reduced and our profitability and cash flows could be adversely affected.
If we fail to successfully identify and develop additional generic pharmaceutical products, obtain exclusive marketing rights for our generic products or fail to introduce these generic products on a timely basis, our revenues, gross margin and operating results may decline.
We may not be successful in our efforts to continue to create a pipeline of product candidates or develop commercially successful products. Identifying, developing and obtaining regulatory approval and commercializing additional product candidates is prone to risks of failure inherent in drug development. For example, our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential additional product candidates, yet fail to yield results for a number of reasons, including, among others, that the research methodology used may not be successful in identifying potential additional product candidates. No assurance can be given that we will be able to successfully identify additional product candidates, advance any of these additional product candidates through the development process or successfully commercialize any such additional product candidates. If we are unable to successfully identify, develop and commercialize additional product candidates, our revenues and operating results may decline significantly and our prospects and business may be materially adversely affected.
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Even if we are able to identify and develop additional product candidates, we may fail to obtain exclusive marketing rights for such product candidates or fail to introduce such product candidates on a timely basis. Subject to certain exceptions and limitations, the Hatch-Waxman amendments to the FFDCA provide for a period of 180 days of marketing exclusivity for a generic version of a previously approved drug for any applicant that is the first to file an ANDA containing a certification of invalidity, non-infringement or unenforceability related to a patent listed with respect to the corresponding brand-name drug (commonly referred to as a “Paragraph IV certification”). A large portion of our revenues for our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment have been derived from the sales of generic drugs during such 180-day marketing exclusivity period permitted under the Hatch-Waxman Act and from the sale of other generic products for which there otherwise is limited competition. ANDAs that contain Paragraph IV certifications challenging patents, however, generally become the subject of patent litigation that can be both lengthy and costly. There is no certainty that we will prevail in any such litigation, that we will be the first-to-file and be granted the 180-day marketing exclusivity period, or, if we are granted the 180-day marketing exclusivity period, that we will not forfeit such period. Even where we are awarded marketing exclusivity, we may be required to share our exclusivity period with other ANDA applicants who submit Paragraph IV certifications. In addition, brand-name pharmaceutical companies often authorize a generic version of the corresponding brand-name drug to be sold during any period of marketing exclusivity that is awarded. Authorized generics are not prohibited from sale during the 180-day marketing exclusivity period. Furthermore, timely commencement of the litigation by the patent owner imposes an automatic stay of ANDA approval by the FDA for 30 months, unless the case is decided in the ANDA applicant’s favor during that period. Finally, if the court decision is adverse to the ANDA applicant, the ANDA approval will be delayed until the challenged patent expires, and the applicant will not be granted 180 days of marketing exclusivity.
The future profitability of our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment depends, to a significant extent, upon our ability to introduce, on a timely basis, new generic products that are either the first-to-market (or among the first-to-market) or that otherwise can gain significant market share during the 180-day marketing period as permitted by the Hatch-Waxman Act. Our ability to timely bring our products to market is dependent upon, among other things, the timing of regulatory approval of our products, which to a large extent is outside of our control, as well as the timing of competing products. Our revenues and future profitability are dependent, in large part, upon our ability or the ability of our development partners to file, timely and effectively, ANDAs with the FDA or to enter into contractual relationships with other parties that have obtained marketing exclusivity. No assurances can be given that we will be able to develop and introduce commercially successful products in the future within the time constraints necessary to be successful. If we or our development partners are unable to continue to timely and effectively file ANDAs with the FDA or to partner with other parties that have obtained marketing exclusivity, our revenues and operating results may decline significantly and our prospects and business may be materially adversely affected.
We have been, continue to be and may be the subject of product liability claims, other significant litigation matters, government investigations or product recalls for which we may be unable to obtain or maintain insurance adequate to cover potential liabilities.
Our business exposes us to significant potential risk from product liability claims, other significant litigation matters, government investigations or product recalls, including, but not limited to, such matters associated with the testing, manufacturing, marketing and sale of our products. We have been, continue to be and may be subject to various product liability cases, other significant litigations and government investigations. For example, we, along with other manufacturers of prescription opioid medications, are the subject of lawsuits and have received subpoenas and other requests for information from various state and local government agencies regarding the sales and marketing of opioid medications. In addition to direct expenditures for damages, settlement and defense costs, there is a possibility of adverse publicity, loss of revenues and disruption of business as a result of product liability claims or other litigation matters. Some plaintiffs have received substantial damage awards in some jurisdictions against pharmaceutical and/or medical device companies based upon claims for injuries allegedly caused by the use of their products. In addition, in the age of social media, plaintiffs’ attorneys have a wide variety of tools to advertise their services and solicit new clients for litigation, including using judgments obtained in litigation against other pharmaceutical companies as an advertising tool. For these or other reasons, any significant product liability or mass tort litigation in which we are a defendant could have a larger number of plaintiffs than such actions have seen historically and we could also see an increase in number of cases filed against us because of the increasing use of widespread and media-varied advertising. Furthermore, a ruling against other pharmaceutical companies in product liability or mass tort litigation in which we are not a defendant could have a negative impact on pending litigation where we are a defendant. In addition, it may be necessary for us to voluntarily or mandatorily recall or withdraw products that do not meet approved specifications or which subsequent data demonstrate may be unsafe or ineffective or misused. Any such recall or withdrawal could result in adverse publicity, costs connected to the recall and loss of revenue. Adverse publicity could also result in an increased number of additional product liability claims, whether or not these claims have a basis in scientific fact. If we are found liable on a product liability claim or series of claims, including those described below, or in connection with other litigation matters, including those related to sales, marketing or pricing practices, government investigations or product recalls, or if we incur significant expenses in defense thereof, defaults could occur and be declared under our debt agreements, we could suffer substantial costs, reputational damage and/or restrictions on our product use, and we could incur losses, any of which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and/or the price of our ordinary shares.
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Our pharmaceutical and medical device products may cause, or may appear to cause, serious adverse side effects or potentially dangerous drug interactions if misused, improperly prescribed or subject to faulty surgical technique. For example, we and/or certain of our subsidiaries have been named as defendants in multiple lawsuits in various federal and state courts alleging personal injury resulting from use of transvaginal surgical mesh products designed to treat pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. For more information regarding this litigation, see Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules".
We may be unable to obtain or maintain product liability insurance in the future on acceptable terms or with adequate coverage against potential liabilities or other losses such as the cost of a recall if any claim is brought against us, regardless of the success or failure of the claim. For example, we generally no longer have product liability insurance to cover the claims in connection with the mesh-related litigation described above. Additionally, we may be limited by the surviving insurance policies of our acquired subsidiaries, which may not be adequate to cover against potential liabilities or other losses. The failure to generate sufficient cash flow or to obtain other financing could affect our ability to pay the amounts due under those liabilities not covered by insurance. See Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules" for further discussion of our product liability claims.
Our ability to protect and maintain our proprietary and licensed third party technology, which is vital to our business, is uncertain.
Our success, competitive position and future income will depend in part on our ability to obtain and protect patent rights relating to our current and future technologies, processes and products. Our policy is to seek patent protection for technologies, processes and products we own and to enforce the intellectual property rights we own and license. The patent applications we submit and have submitted may not result in patents being issued. If an invention qualifies as a joint invention, the joint inventor may have intellectual property rights in the invention, which it might not protect. A third party may infringe upon, design around or develop uses not covered by any patent issued or licensed to us and our patents may not otherwise be commercially viable. In this regard, the patent position of pharmaceutical compounds and compositions is particularly uncertain. Even issued patents may later be modified or revoked by the PTO, by analogous foreign offices or in legal proceedings. Laws relating to such rights may in the future also be changed or withdrawn. Upon the expiration or loss of necessary intellectual property protection for a product, others may manufacture and distribute such patented product, which will result in the loss of a significant portion of our sales of that product.
In addition, our success, particularly in our branded businesses, depends in part on the ability of our partners and suppliers to obtain, maintain and enforce patents, and protect trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and other intellectual property and proprietary information. Our ability to commercialize any branded product successfully will largely depend upon our and/or our partners’ or suppliers’ ability to obtain and maintain patents and trademarks of sufficient scope to lawfully prevent third-parties from developing and/or marketing infringing products.
The degree of protection any patents will afford is uncertain, including whether the protection obtained will be of sufficient breadth and degree to protect our commercial interests in all the countries where we conduct business. These patent rights may also be challenged, revoked, invalidated, infringed or circumvented by third parties. It is possible that we could incur significant costs and management distraction if we are required to initiate litigation against others to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights. Such patent disputes may be lengthy and a potential violator of our patents may bring a potentially infringing product to market during the dispute, subjecting us to competition and damages due to infringement of the competitor product.
Furthermore, our products may infringe on the patents or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. It is also possible that third parties will obtain patent or other proprietary rights that might be necessary or useful for the development, manufacture or sale of our products. If we infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, we could lose our right to develop, manufacture or sell products or we could be required to pay monetary damages or royalties to license proprietary rights from third parties and we may not be able to obtain such licenses on commercially reasonable terms or at all. An adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding or a failure to obtain necessary licenses could prevent us from manufacturing or selling our products.
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The Company also relies on trade secrets and other unpatented proprietary information, which it generally seeks to protect by confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements with its employees, consultants, advisors and partners. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of confidential information and may not provide the Company with an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure. For example, in August 2017, we filed a complaint against QuVa Pharma, Inc. and certain individual defendants in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging misappropriation in violation of the federal Defend Trade Secrets Act, New Jersey’s Trade Secrets Act and New Jersey common law, as well as unfair competition, breach of contract, breach of fiduciary duty, breach of the duty of loyalty, tortious interference with contractual relations and breach of the duty of confidence in connection with VASOSTRICT®, a vasopressin-based cardiopulmonary drug. For more information regarding this litigation, see Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules". In addition, we may also not be able to discover or determine the extent of any unauthorized use of our proprietary rights, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from misappropriating or infringing upon our proprietary rights. In addition, if the Company’s employees, scientific consultants or partners develop inventions or processes that may be applicable to the Company’s products under development, such inventions and processes will not necessarily become the Company’s property, but may remain the property of those persons or their employers.
If we are unable to adequately protect our technology, trade secrets or proprietary know-how, or enforce our intellectual property rights, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
Our competitors or other third parties may allege that we are infringing their intellectual property, forcing us to expend substantial resources in litigation, the outcome of which is uncertain. Any unfavorable outcome of such litigation, including losses related to “at-risk” product launches, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.
Companies that produce branded pharmaceutical products routinely bring litigation against ANDA or similar applicants that seek regulatory approval to manufacture and market generic forms of their branded products, alleging patent infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Patent holders may also bring patent infringement suits against companies that are currently marketing and selling approved generic products. Litigation often involves significant expense and can delay or prevent introduction or sale of our generic products. If the patents of others are held valid, enforceable and infringed by our products, we would, unless we could obtain a license from the patent holder, need to delay selling our corresponding generic product and, if we are already selling our product, cease selling and potentially destroy existing product stock.
There may be situations in which we may make business and legal judgments to market and sell products that are subject to claims of alleged patent infringement prior to final resolution of those claims by the courts based upon our belief that such patents are invalid, unenforceable or are not infringed by our marketing and sale of such products. This is referred to in the pharmaceutical industry as an “at-risk” launch. The risk involved in an at-risk launch can be substantial because, if a patent holder ultimately prevails against us, the remedies available to such holder may include, among other things, damages calculated based on the profits lost by the patent holder, which can be significantly higher than the profits we make from selling the generic version of the product. Moreover, if a court determines that such infringement is willful, the damages could be subject to trebling. We could face substantial damages from adverse court decisions in such matters. We could also be at risk for the value of such inventory that we are unable to market or sell.
Agreements between branded pharmaceutical companies and generic pharmaceutical companies are facing increased government scrutiny and private litigation in the U.S. and abroad.
We are involved in numerous patent litigations in which generic companies challenge the validity or enforceability of our products’ listed patents and/or the applicability of these patents to the generic applicant’s products. Likewise, our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment is also involved in patent litigations in which we challenge the validity or enforceability of innovator companies’ listed patents and/or their applicability to our generic products. Therefore, settling patent litigations has been and is likely to continue to be part of our business. Parties to such settlement agreements in the U.S., including us, are required by law to file them with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ) for review. The FTC has publicly stated that, in its view, such settlement agreements may violate the antitrust laws. In some instances, the FTC has brought actions against brand and generic companies that have entered into such agreements. Accordingly, we may receive formal or informal requests from the FTC for information about a particular settlement agreement, and there is a risk that the FTC may commence an action against us alleging violation of the antitrust laws.
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In addition, some members of Congress have proposed legislation that would limit the types of settlement agreements generic manufacturers can enter into with brand companies. In 2013, the Supreme Court, in FTC v. Actavis, determined that reverse payment patent settlements between generic and brand companies should be evaluated under the rule of reason, but provided limited guidance beyond the selection of this standard. Because the Supreme Court did not articulate the full range of criteria upon which a determination of legality of such settlements would be based, or provide guidance on the precise circumstances under which such settlements would always qualify as legal, there may be extensive litigation over what constitutes a reasonable and lawful patent settlement between a brand and generic company. We are subject to multiple lawsuits purporting to be or certified as class actions brought by direct and indirect payers alleging that our settlement agreements respectively with Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Watson) regarding the LIDODERM® patent litigation, and with Impax regarding the OPANA® ER patent litigation, were unlawful in violation of federal antitrust laws, as well as various state laws.
We have significant goodwill and other intangible assets. Consequently, potential impairment of goodwill and other intangibles may significantly impact our profitability.
Goodwill and other intangibles represent a significant portion of our assets. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, goodwill and other intangibles comprised approximately 75% and 74%, respectively, of our total assets. Goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets are subject to an impairment test at least annually. Additionally, impairment tests must be performed whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. For example, as further discussed in Note 10. Goodwill and Other Intangibles in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules", we recorded a $45.5 million impairment charge related to our serelaxin in-process research and development intangible asset during the three months ended March 31, 2017. This charge resulted from the announcement that a Phase 3 study of serelaxin in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) failed to meet its primary endpoints.
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, we recorded asset impairment charges of $1.2 billion, $3.8 billion and $1.1 billion, respectively, which related primarily to goodwill and other intangible assets. The procedures and assumptions used in our goodwill and intangible assets impairment testing are discussed in Part II, Item 7 of this report "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" under the captions “CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES” and “RESULTS OF OPERATIONS”.
Events giving rise to impairment of goodwill or intangible assets are an inherent risk in the pharmaceutical industry and often cannot be predicted. As a result of the significance of goodwill and other intangible assets, our results of operations and financial position in a future period could be negatively impacted should additional impairments of our goodwill or other intangible assets occur.
We are subject to various regulations pertaining to the marketing of our products and services.
We are subject to various federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse involving the marketing and pricing of our products and services, including prohibitions on the offer of payment or acceptance of kickbacks or other remuneration for the purchase of our products and services, including inducements to potential patients to request our products and services and inducements to healthcare professionals to prescribe and use our products. Additionally, product promotion, educational activities, support of continuing medical education programs and other interactions with healthcare professionals must be conducted in a manner consistent with the FDA regulations and the Anti-Kickback Statute. The Anti-Kickback Statute, with certain exceptions or exemptions published by the Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS-OIG), prohibits persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, or the furnishing, recommending or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Violations of the Anti-Kickback Statute also carry potential federal False Claims Act liability. Additionally, many states have adopted laws similar to the Anti-Kickback Statute, without identical exceptions or exemptions. Some of these state prohibitions apply to referral of patients for healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer, not only the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Any such new regulations or requirements may be difficult and expensive for us to comply with, may delay our introduction of new products, may adversely affect our total revenues and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
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Sanctions for violating these laws include criminal penalties and civil sanctions and possible exclusion from federally funded healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid as well as potential liability under the False Claims Act and applicable state false claims acts. There can be no assurance that our practices will not be challenged under these laws in the future, that changes in these laws or interpretation of these laws would not give rise to new challenges of our practices or that any such challenge would not have a material adverse effect on our business or results of operations. Law enforcement agencies sometimes initiate investigations into sales, marketing and/or pricing practices based on preliminary information or evidence, and such investigations can be and often are closed without any enforcement action. Nevertheless, these types of investigations and any related litigation can result in: (i) large expenditures of cash for legal fees, payment of penalties and compliance activities; (ii) limitations on operations; (iii) diversion of management resources; (iv) injury to our reputation; and (v) decreased demand for our products.
In addition, our company is subject to statutory and regulatory restrictions on the promotion of uses of prescription drugs or devices that are not cleared or approved by the FDA. Although the FDA does not regulate a physician’s choice of medications, treatments or product uses, the FFDCA and FDA regulations and guidance significantly restrict the ability of pharmaceutical and medical device companies to communicate with patients, physicians and other third-parties about unapproved or uncleared product uses. Prohibitions on the promotion of unapproved uses and against promotional practices deemed false or misleading are actively enforced by various parties at both the federal and state level. A company that is found to have improperly promoted its products under these laws may be subject to significant liability, including significant administrative, civil and criminal sanctions, including but not limited to significant civil damages, criminal fines and exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs. Applicable laws governing product promotion also provide for administrative, civil and criminal liability for individuals, including, in some circumstances, potential strict vicarious liability. Conduct giving rise to such liability could also form the basis for private civil litigation by third-party payers or other persons allegedly harmed by such conduct.
We have established and implemented a corporate compliance program designed to prevent, detect and correct violations of state and federal healthcare laws, including laws related to advertising and promotion of our products. Nonetheless, enforcement agencies or private plaintiffs may take the position that we are not in compliance with such requirements and, if such non-compliance is proven, the Company and, in some cases, individual employees, may be subject to significant liability, including the aforementioned administrative, civil and criminal sanctions.
Furthermore, in February 2014, Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc. (EPI) entered into a Corporate Integrity Agreement (CIA) with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to resolve allegations regarding the promotion of LIDODERM®. In March 2013, our subsidiary, Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc., entered into a CIA and a Plea Agreement with the DOJ to resolve allegations regarding the promotion of MEGACE ES®. Those agreements place certain obligations on us related to the marketing of our pharmaceutical products and our healthcare regulatory compliance program, including reporting requirements to the U.S. government; detailed requirements for our compliance program, code of conduct and policies and procedures; and the requirement to engage an Independent Review Organization. We have implemented procedures and practices to comply with the CIA, including the engagement of an Independent Review Organization. In the event we breach the Plea Agreement and/or the CIAs, there is a risk the government would seek remedies provided for in those agreements, including instituting criminal prosecution against us, seeking to impose stipulated penalties or seeking to exclude us from participation in federal health care programs.
The pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated, which creates uncertainty about our ability to bring new products to market and imposes substantial compliance costs on our business.
Governmental authorities such as the FDA impose substantial requirements on the development, manufacture, holding, labeling, marketing, advertising, promotion, distribution and sale of therapeutic pharmaceutical products through lengthy and detailed laboratory and clinical testing and other costly and time-consuming procedures. In addition, before obtaining regulatory approvals for certain generic products, we must conduct limited bioequivalence studies and other research to show comparability to the branded products. A failure to obtain satisfactory results in required pre-marketing trials may prevent us from obtaining required regulatory approvals. The FDA may also require companies to conduct post-approval studies and post-approval surveillance regarding their drug products and to report adverse events.
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Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the sale of any new product candidate, we must demonstrate through preclinical studies and clinical trials that such product candidate is safe and effective for each intended use. Preclinical and clinical studies may fail to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a product candidate. Likewise, we may not be able to demonstrate through clinical trials that a product candidate’s therapeutic benefits outweigh its risks. Even promising results from preclinical and early clinical studies do not always accurately predict results in later, large scale trials. A failure to demonstrate safety and efficacy could or would result in our failure to obtain regulatory approvals. Clinical trials can be delayed for reasons outside of our control, which can lead to increased development costs and delays in regulatory approval. For example, there is substantial competition to enroll patients in clinical trials, and such competition has delayed clinical development of our products in the past. For example, patients may not enroll in clinical trials at the rate expected or patients may drop out after enrolling in the trials or during the trials. In addition, we rely on collaboration partners that may control or make changes in trial protocol and design enhancements, or encounter clinical trial compliance-related issues, which may also delay clinical trials. Product supplies may be delayed or be insufficient to treat the patients participating in the clinical trials, or manufacturers or suppliers may not meet the requirements of the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, such as those relating to cGMP. We also may experience delays in obtaining, or we may not obtain, required initial and continuing approval of our clinical trials from institutional review boards. We may experience delays or undesired results in these or any other of our clinical trials.
The FDA and/or foreign regulatory agencies may not approve, clear for marketing or certify any products developed by us. Any approval by regulatory agencies may subject the marketing of our products to certain limits on indicated use. The FDA or foreign regulatory authorities may not agree with our assessment of the clinical data or they may interpret it differently. Such regulatory authorities may require additional or expanded clinical trials. Any limitation on use imposed by the FDA or delay in or failure to obtain FDA approvals or clearances of products developed by us would adversely affect the marketing of these products and our ability to generate product revenue, which would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, specifically with respect to pharmaceutical products, the submission of a NDA or ANDA to the FDA with supporting clinical safety and efficacy data, for example, does not guarantee that the FDA will grant approval to market the product. Meeting the FDA’s regulatory requirements to obtain approval to market a drug product, which varies substantially based on the type, complexity and novelty of the pharmaceutical product, typically takes years and is subject to uncertainty.
Additional delays may result if an FDA Advisory Committee or other regulatory authority recommends non-approval or restrictions on approval. Although the FDA is not required to follow the recommendations of its Advisory Committees, it usually does. A negative Advisory Committee meeting could signal a lower likelihood of approval, although the FDA may still end up approving our application. Regardless of an Advisory Committee meeting outcome or the FDA’s final approval decision, public presentation of our data may shed positive or negative light on our application.
With respect to our Supplemental New Drug Application for OPANA® ER, the FDA scheduled a Joint Meeting of the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee and the Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committee in March 2017 to discuss pre- and post-marketing data about the abuse of OPANA® ER and the overall risk-benefit of this product. The Advisory Committees were also scheduled to discuss abuse of generic oxymorphone ER and oxymorphone immediate-release (IR) products. In March 2017, the Advisory Committees voted 18 to eight, with one abstention, that the benefits of reformulated OPANA® ER no longer outweigh its risks. While several of the Advisory Committee members acknowledged the role of OPANA® ER in clinical practice, others believed its benefits are now overshadowed by the continuing public health concerns around the product's misuse, abuse and diversion. In June 2017, the FDA requested that we voluntarily withdraw OPANA® ER from the market and, in July 2017, after careful consideration and consultation with the FDA, we decided to voluntarily remove OPANA® ER from the market. During the second quarter of 2017, we began to work with the FDA to coordinate an orderly withdrawal of the product from the market. By September 1, 2017, we ceased shipments of OPANA® ER to customers and we expect the New Drug Application will be withdrawn in the coming months. These actions had an adverse effect on our revenues and, as a result of these actions, we have incurred and expect to incur certain charges. These and other actions such as recalls or withdrawals could divert management time and attention, reduce market acceptance of all of our products, harm our reputation, reduce our revenues, lead to additional charges or expenses or result in product liability claims, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
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Some drugs are available in the United States that are not the subject of an FDA-approved NDA. In 2011, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Office of Compliance modified its enforcement policy with regard to the marketing of such “unapproved” marketed drugs. Under CDER’s revised guidance, the FDA encourages manufacturers to obtain NDA approvals for such drugs by requiring unapproved versions to be removed from the market after an approved version has been introduced, subject to a grace period at the FDA’s discretion. This grace period is intended to allow an orderly transition of supply to the market and to mitigate any potential related drug shortage. Depending on the length of the grace period and the time it takes for subsequent applications to be approved, this may result in a period of de facto market exclusivity to the first manufacturer that has obtained an approved NDA for the previously unapproved marketed drug. We may seek FDA approval for certain unapproved marketed drug products through the 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway. Even if we receive approval for an NDA under section 505(b)(2) of the FFDCA, the FDA may not take timely enforcement action against companies marketing unapproved versions of the drug; therefore, we cannot be sure that that we will receive the benefit of any de facto exclusive marketing period or that we will fully recoup the expenses incurred to obtain an approval. In addition, certain competitors and others have objected to the FDA’s interpretation of Section 505(b)(2). If the FDA’s interpretation of Section 505(b)(2) is successfully challenged, this could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving any NDA that we submit under Section 505(b)(2).
Moreover, even if our product candidates are approved under Section 505(b)(2), the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the products may be marketed or to other conditions of approval, or may contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the products.
The ANDA approval process for a new product varies in time, generally requiring a minimum of 10 months following submission of the ANDA to FDA, but could also take several years from the date of application. The timing for the ANDA approval process for generic products is difficult to estimate and can vary significantly. ANDA approvals, if granted, may not include all uses (known as indications) for which a company may seek to market a product.
Further, once a product is approved or cleared for marketing, failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in, among other things, suspensions or withdrawals of approvals or clearances; seizures or recalls of products; injunctions against the manufacture, holding, distribution, marketing and sale of a product; and civil and criminal sanctions. Furthermore, changes in existing regulations or the adoption of new regulations could prevent us from obtaining, or affect the timing of, future regulatory approvals or clearances. Meeting regulatory requirements and evolving government standards may delay marketing of our new products for a considerable period of time, impose costly procedures upon our activities and result in a competitive advantage to larger companies that compete against us.
Based on scientific developments, post-market experience or other legislative or regulatory changes, the current FDA standards of review for approving new pharmaceutical products, or new indications or uses for approved or cleared products, are sometimes more stringent than those that were applied in the past.
Some new or evolving FDA review standards or conditions for approval or clearance were not applied to many established products currently on the market, including certain opioid products. As a result, the FDA does not have safety databases on these products that are as extensive as some products developed more recently. Accordingly, we believe the FDA has expressed an intention to develop such databases for certain of these products, including many opioids. In particular, the FDA has expressed interest in specific chemical structures that may be present as impurities in a number of opioid narcotic active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as oxycodone, which based on certain structural characteristics and laboratory tests may indicate the potential for having mutagenic effects. The FDA has required, and may continue to require, more stringent controls of the levels of these impurities in drug products for approval.
Also, the FDA may require labeling revisions, formulation or manufacturing changes and/or product modifications for new or existing products containing such impurities. The FDA’s more stringent requirements, together with any additional testing or remedial measures that may be necessary, could result in increased costs for, or delays in, obtaining approval for certain of our products. Although we do not believe that the FDA would seek to remove a currently marketed product from the market unless such mutagenic effects are believed to indicate a significant risk to patient health, we cannot make any such assurance.
In May of 2016, an FDA advisory panel recommended mandatory training of all physicians who prescribe opioids on the risks of prescription opioids. In 2016, the CDC also issued a guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain that provides recommendations for primary care clinicians who are prescribing opioids for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care and end-of-life care. In addition, state health departments and boards of pharmacy have authority to regulate distribution and may modify their regulations with respect to prescription narcotics in an attempt to curb abuse. In either case, any such new regulations or requirements may be difficult and expensive for us to comply with, may delay our introduction of new products, may adversely affect our total revenues and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
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The FDA has the authority to require companies to undertake additional post-approval studies to assess known or signaled safety risks, to make any labeling changes to address those risks and to formulate approved REMS to confirm a drug’s benefits outweigh its risks. For example, in 2015, the FDA sent letters to a number of manufactures, including Endo, requiring that a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial be conducted to evaluate the effect of testosterone replacement therapy on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in men. The letter received by Endo required that we include new safety information in the labeling and Medication Guide for certain prescription medications containing testosterone, such as TESTIM®.
The FDA’s exercise of its authority under the FFDCA could result in delays or increased costs during product development, clinical trials and regulatory review, increased costs to comply with additional post-approval regulatory requirements and potential restrictions on sales of approved products. Foreign regulatory agencies often have similar authority and may impose comparable requirements and costs. Post-marketing studies and other emerging data about marketed products, such as adverse event reports, may also adversely affect sales of our products. Furthermore, the discovery of significant safety or efficacy concerns or problems with a product in the same therapeutic class as one of our products that implicate or appear to implicate the entire class of products could have an adverse effect on sales of our product or, in some cases, result in product withdrawals. The FDA has continuing authority over the approval of an NDA or ANDA and may withdraw approval if, among other reasons, post-marketing clinical or other experience, tests or data show that a drug is unsafe for use under the conditions upon which it was approved, or if FDA determines that there is a lack of substantial evidence of the drug’s efficacy under the conditions described in its labeling. Furthermore, new data and information, including information about product misuse or abuse at the user level, may lead government agencies, professional societies, practice management groups or patient or trade organizations to recommend or publish guidance or guidelines related to the use of our products, which may lead to reduced sales of our products.
The FDA and the DEA have important and complementary responsibilities with respect to our business. The FDA administers an application and post-approval monitoring process to confirm that products that are available in the market are safe, effective and consistently of uniform, high quality. The DEA administers registration, drug allotment and accountability systems to satisfy against loss and diversion of controlled substances. Both agencies have trained investigators that routinely, or for cause, conduct inspections, and both have authority to seek to enforce their statutory authority and regulations through administrative remedies as well as civil and criminal enforcement actions.
The FDA regulates and monitors the quality of drug clinical trials to provide human subject protection and to support marketing applications. The FDA may place a hold on a clinical trial and may cause a suspension or withdrawal of product approvals if regulatory standards are not maintained. The FDA also regulates the facilities, processes and procedures used to manufacture and market pharmaceutical products in the U.S. Manufacturing facilities must be registered with the FDA and all products made in such facilities must be manufactured in accordance with the latest cGMP regulations, which are enforced by the FDA. Compliance with clinical trial requirements and cGMP regulations requires the dedication of substantial resources and requires significant expenditures. In the event an approved manufacturing facility for a particular drug is required by the FDA to curtail or cease operations, or otherwise becomes inoperable, or a third party contract manufacturing facility faces manufacturing problems, obtaining the required FDA authorization to manufacture at the same or a different manufacturing site could result in production delays, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.
The FDA is authorized to perform inspections of U.S. and foreign facilities under the FFDCA. At the end of such an inspection, the FDA could issue a Form 483 Notice of Inspectional Observations, which could cause us to modify certain activities identified during the inspection. Following such inspections, the FDA may issue an untitled letter as an initial correspondence that cites violations that do not meet the threshold of regulatory significance for a Warning Letter. FDA guidelines also provide for the issuance of Warning Letters for violations of “regulatory significance” for which the failure to adequately and promptly achieve correction may be expected to result in an enforcement action. The FDA also may issue Warning Letters and untitled letters in connection with events or circumstances unrelated to an FDA inspection.
Similar to other healthcare companies, during 2017 and in prior years, our facilities, in multiple countries, across the full range of our business units, were subject to routine and new-product related inspections by the FDA, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Health Products Regulatory Authority and Health Canada. Some of these inspections resulted in non-critical inspection observations (including FDA Form 483 observations). We have responded to all inspection observations within the required time frame and have implemented, or are continuing to implement, the corrective action plans as agreed with the relevant regulatory agencies.
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Several of our core products contain controlled substances. The stringent DEA regulations on our use of controlled substances include restrictions on their use in research, manufacture, distribution and storage. A breach of these regulations could result in imposition of civil penalties, refusal to renew or action to revoke necessary registrations, or other restrictions on operations involving controlled substances. In addition, failure to comply with applicable legal requirements subjects the manufacturing facilities of our subsidiaries and manufacturing partners to possible legal or regulatory action, including shutdown. Any such shutdown may adversely affect their ability to supply us with product and thus, our ability to market affected products. This could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and competitive position. See also the risk described under the caption “The DEA limits the availability of the active ingredients used in many of our products as well as the production of these products, and, as a result, our procurement and production quotas may not be sufficient to meet commercial demand or complete clinical trials.”
In addition, we are subject to the Federal Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA). The U.S. government has enacted DSCSA which requires development of an electronic pedigree to track and trace each prescription drug at the salable unit level through the distribution system, which will be effective incrementally over a 10-year period. Compliance with DSCSA and future U.S. federal or state electronic pedigree requirements may increase our operational expenses and impose significant administrative burdens.
We cannot determine what effect changes in regulations or legal interpretations or requirements by the FDA, the courts or others, when and if promulgated or issued, may have on our business in the future. Changes could, among other things, require different labeling, monitoring of patients, interaction with physicians, education programs for patients or physicians, curtailment of necessary supplies or limitations on product distribution. Any such changes could have an adverse effect on our business. The evolving and complex nature of regulatory science and regulatory requirements, the broad authority and discretion of the FDA and the generally high level of regulatory oversight results in a continuing possibility that, from time to time, we will be adversely affected by regulatory actions despite our ongoing efforts and commitment to achieve and maintain full compliance with all regulatory requirements.
The success of our acquisition and licensing strategy is subject to uncertainty and any completed acquisitions or licenses may reduce our earnings, be difficult to integrate, not perform as expected or require us to obtain additional financing.
We regularly evaluate selective acquisitions and look to continue to enhance our product line by acquiring rights to additional products and compounds. Such acquisitions may be carried out through corporate acquisitions, asset acquisitions, licensing and joint venture arrangements or by acquiring other companies. However, we may not be able to complete acquisitions that meet our target criteria on satisfactory terms, if at all. In particular, we may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates. In addition, any acquisition of assets and rights to products and compounds may fail to accomplish our strategic objective and may not perform as expected. Further, if we are unable to maintain, on commercially reasonable terms, product, compound or other licenses that we have acquired, our ability to develop or commercialize our products may be inhibited. In order to continue to develop and broaden our product range we must compete to acquire these assets. Our competitors may have greater resources than us and therefore be better able to complete acquisitions or may cause the ultimate price we pay for acquisitions to increase. If we fail to achieve our acquisition goals, our growth may be limited.
In addition to the risks related to acquisition of assets and products, acquisitions of companies may expose us to additional risks, which may be beyond our control and may have a material adverse effect on our profitability and cash flows. The combination of two independent businesses is a complex, costly and time-consuming process. As a result, we may be required to devote significant management attention and resources to the integration of an acquired business into our practices and operations. Any integration process may be disruptive and, if implemented ineffectively, may restrict the realization of the full expected benefits.
In addition, any acquisitions we make may result in material unanticipated problems, expenses, liabilities, competitive responses and loss or disruption of relationships with customers, suppliers, partners, regulators and others with whom we have business or other dealings. The difficulties of combining operations of companies include, among others:
• | diversion of management’s attention to integration matters; |
• | difficulties in achieving anticipated cost or tax savings, synergies, business opportunities and growth prospects from the combination of the businesses; |
• | difficulties in the integration of operations and systems; |
• | the impact of pre-existing legal and/or regulatory issues; |
• | difficulties in conforming standards, controls, procedures and accounting and other policies, business cultures and compensation structures between the companies; |
• | difficulties in the assimilation of employees and retention of key personnel; |
• | difficulties in managing the expanded operations of a significantly larger and more complex company; |
• | challenges in retaining existing customers and obtaining new customers; |
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• | potential unknown liabilities or larger liabilities than projected, adverse consequences and unforeseen increased expenses associated with the merger; and |
• | difficulties in coordinating a geographically dispersed organization. |
The benefits of a merger are also subject to a variety of other factors, many of which are beyond our ability to control, such as changes in the rate of economic growth in jurisdictions in which the combined company will do business, the financial performance of the combined business in various jurisdictions, currency exchange rate fluctuations and significant changes in trade, monetary or fiscal policies, including changes in interest rates and tax law of the jurisdictions in which the combined company will do business. The impact of these factors, individually and in the aggregate, is difficult to predict, in part because the occurrence of the events or circumstances described in such factors may be interrelated, and the impact to the combined company of the occurrence of any one of these events or circumstances could be compounded or, alternatively, reduced, offset, or more than offset, by the occurrence of one or more of the other events or circumstances described in such factors.
In addition, based on current acquisition prices in the pharmaceutical industry, acquisitions could decrease our net income per share and add significant intangible assets and related amortization or impairment charges. Our acquisition strategy may require us to obtain additional debt or equity financing, resulting in additional debt obligations, increased interest expense or dilution of equity ownership. We may not be able to finance acquisitions on terms satisfactory to us.
We may decide to sell assets, which could adversely affect our prospects and opportunities for growth.
We may from time to time consider selling certain assets if (i) we determine that such assets are not critical to our strategy or (ii) we believe the opportunity to monetize the asset is attractive or for various other reasons, including for the reduction of indebtedness. For example, we divested both Litha, our South African business, and Somar, our Latin America business, in July 2017 and October 2017, respectively. We have explored and will continue to explore the sale of certain non-core assets. Although our expectation is to engage in asset sales only if they advance or otherwise support our overall strategy, any such sale could reduce the size or scope of our business, our market share in particular markets or our opportunities with respect to certain markets, products or therapeutic categories. As a result, any such sale could have an adverse effect on our business, prospects and opportunities for growth, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Our growth and development will depend on developing, commercializing and marketing new products, including both our own products and those developed with our collaboration partners. If we do not do so successfully, our growth and development will be impaired.
Our future revenues and profitability will depend, to a significant extent, upon our ability to successfully commercialize new branded and generic pharmaceutical products protected by patent or statutory authority in a timely manner. As a result, we must continually develop, test and manufacture new products, which must meet regulatory standards to receive requisite marketing authorizations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals for new products is time consuming and costly and inherently unpredictable. Products we are currently developing may not receive the regulatory approvals or clearances necessary for us to market them. Furthermore, the development and commercialization process is time-consuming and costly and, if and when products are developed and approved, we may be unable to successfully commercialize them on a timely basis or at all.
The successful commercialization of a product is also subject to a number of factors, including:
• | the effectiveness, ease of use and safety of our products as compared to existing products; |
• | customer demand and the willingness of physicians and customers to adopt our products over products with which they may have more loyalty or familiarity and overcoming any biases towards our products; |
• | the cost of our product compared to alternative products and the pricing and commercialization strategies of our competitors; |
• | the success of our launch and marketing efforts; |
• | adverse publicity about us, our products, our competitors and their products or the industry as a whole or favorable publicity about competitors; |
• | the advent of new and innovative alternative products; and |
• | any unforeseen issues or adverse developments in connection with a product and any resulting litigation or regulatory scrutiny and harm to our reputation. |
In addition, many risks associated with developing, commercializing and marketing new products are beyond our control. For example, some of our collaboration partners may decide to make substantial changes to a product’s formulation or design, may experience financial difficulties or may have limited financial resources. Any of the foregoing may delay the development, commercialization and/or marketing of new products. In addition, if a co-developer on a new product terminates our collaboration agreement or does not perform under the agreement, we may experience delays and additional costs in developing and marketing that product.
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We conduct research and development of medical and technological products to enable us to manufacture and market pharmaceutical products in accordance with specific government regulations. Much of our drug development effort is focused on technically difficult-to-formulate products and/or products that require advanced manufacturing technology. Typically, expenses related to research, development and regulatory approval of compounds for our branded pharmaceutical products are significantly greater than those expenses associated with generic products. As we continue to develop new products, our research expenses will likely increase. Because of the inherent risk associated with research and development efforts in the healthcare industry, particularly with respect to new drugs, our research and development expenditures may not result in the successful regulatory approval and introduction of new pharmaceutical products and failure in the development of any new product can occur at any point in the process, including late in the process after substantial investment. Also, after we submit a regulatory application, the relevant governmental health authority may require that we conduct additional studies, including studies to assess the product’s interaction with alcohol. As a result, we may be unable to reasonably predict the total research and development costs to develop a particular product and there is a significant risk that the funds we invest in research and development will not generate financial returns. In addition, our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate as the amount we spend to research and develop, commercialize, acquire or license new products, technologies and businesses changes.
The availability of third party reimbursement for our products is uncertain, and thus we may find it difficult to maintain current price levels. Additionally, the market may not accept those products for which third party reimbursement is not adequately provided.
Our ability to commercialize our products depends, in part, on the extent to which reimbursement for the costs of these products is available from government healthcare programs, such as Medicaid and Medicare, private health insurers and others. We cannot be certain that, over time, third party reimbursements for our products will be adequate for us to maintain price levels sufficient for realization of an appropriate return on our investment. Government payers, private insurers and other third party payers are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by: (i) limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement (including adjusting co-pays) for products approved for marketing by the FDA, (ii) refusing, in some cases, to provide any coverage for uses of approved products for indications for which the FDA has not granted marketing approval and (iii) requiring or encouraging, through more favorable reimbursement levels or otherwise, the substitution of generic alternatives to branded products.
We may experience pricing pressure on the price of our products due to social or political pressure to lower the cost of drugs, which would reduce our revenue and future profitability.
We may experience downward pricing pressure on the price of our products due to social or political pressure to lower the cost of drugs, which would reduce our revenue and future profitability. Price increases have resulted in increased public and governmental scrutiny of the cost of drugs. For example, U.S. federal prosecutors have issued subpoenas to pharmaceutical companies seeking information about pricing practices in connection with an investigation into pricing practices being conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice. Several state attorneys general also have commenced drug pricing investigations and filed lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies, including Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., and the U.S. Senate has publicly investigated a number of pharmaceutical companies relating to price increases and pricing practices. Our revenue and future profitability could be negatively affected if these or other inquiries were to result in legislative or regulatory proposals that limit our ability to increase the prices of our products.
In addition, among other federal legislative initiatives aimed at drug pricing issues, in September 2016, a bipartisan group of U.S. Senators introduced legislation that would require pharmaceutical manufacturers to justify price increases of more than 10% in a 12-month period. A large number of individual states also have introduced legislation aimed at drug pricing regulation, transparency or both. California and Nevada have enacted such laws. Our revenue and future profitability could be negatively affected by the passage of these laws or similar federal or state legislation. Pressure from social activist groups and future government regulations may also put downward pressure on the price of drugs, which could result in downward pressure on the prices of our products in the future.
Our business is highly dependent upon market perceptions of us, our brands, and the safety and quality of our products, and may be adversely impacted by negative publicity or findings.
Market perceptions of us are very important to our business, especially market perceptions of our company and brands and the safety and quality of our products. If we, our partners and suppliers, or our brands suffer from negative publicity, or if any of our products or similar products which other companies distribute are subject to market withdrawal or recall or are proven to be, or are claimed to be, ineffective or harmful to consumers, then this could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
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For example, the pharmaceutical drug supply has been increasingly challenged by the vulnerability of distribution channels to illegal counterfeiting and the presence of counterfeit products in a growing number of markets and over the Internet. Third parties may illegally distribute and sell counterfeit versions of our products that do not meet the rigorous manufacturing and testing standards that our products undergo. Counterfeit products are frequently unsafe or ineffective, and can be potentially life-threatening. Counterfeit medicines may contain harmful substances, the wrong dose of API or no API at all. However, to distributors and users, counterfeit products may be visually indistinguishable from the authentic version.
In addition, negative posts or comments about us on any social networking website could seriously damage our reputation. The inappropriate use of certain social media vehicles could cause brand damage or information leakage or could lead to legal implications from the improper collection and/or dissemination of personally identifiable information or the improper dissemination of material non-public information.
Furthermore, unfavorable media coverage of opioid pharmaceuticals could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In recent years, opioid drug abuse has received a high degree of media coverage. Unfavorable publicity regarding, for example, the use or misuse of oxycodone or other opioid drugs, the limitations of abuse-deterrent forms (ADFs), public inquiries and investigations into prescription drug abuse, litigation or regulatory activity could adversely affect our reputation. Such negative publicity could have an adverse effect on the potential size of the market for our drug candidates and decrease revenues and royalties, which would adversely affect our business and financial status. Additionally, such increased scrutiny of opioids generally, whether focused on our products or otherwise, could negatively impact our relationship with healthcare providers and other members of the healthcare community.
We are dependent on market perceptions, and negative publicity associated with product quality, patient illness or other adverse effects resulting from, or perceived to be resulting from, our products, or our partners’ and suppliers’ manufacturing facilities, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and other governmental drug pricing programs are complex and may involve subjective decisions. Any failure to comply with those obligations could subject us to penalties and sanctions.
We are subject to federal and state laws prohibiting the presentation (or the causing to be presented) of claims for payment (by Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payers) that are determined to be false or fraudulent, including presenting a claim for an item or service that was not provided. These false claims statutes include the federal civil False Claims Act, which permits private persons to bring suit in the name of the government alleging false or fraudulent claims presented to or paid by the government (or other violations of the statutes) and to share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement. Such suits, known as qui tam actions, have increased significantly in the healthcare industry in recent years. These actions against pharmaceutical companies, which do not require proof of a specific intent to defraud the government, may result in payment of fines to and/or administrative exclusion from the Medicare, Medicaid and/or other government healthcare programs.
We are subject to laws that require us to enter into a Medicaid Drug Rebate Agreement and a 340B Pharmaceutical Pricing Agreement as a condition for having our products eligible for payment under Medicare Part B and Medicaid. We have entered into such agreements. In addition, we are required to report certain pricing information to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) on a periodic basis to allow for accurate determination of rebates owed under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Agreement, of ceiling prices under the 340B program and certain other government pricing arrangements, and of reimbursement rates for certain drugs paid under Medicare Part B. On February 1, 2016, CMS issued a Final Rule implementing the Medicaid Drug Rebate provisions incorporated into the PPACA, effective April 1, 2016 in most instances. Implementation of the Final Rule required operational adjustments by us in order to maintain compliance with applicable law. Changes included in the Final Rule revised how manufacturers calculate Average Manufacturer Price (AMP) and Best Price and also affect the quarterly amounts that we owe to state Medicaid programs through the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Also, CMS made changes with respect to how certain products are categorized for purposes of the Medicaid Drug Rebate program (i.e., single source, innovator multiple source, or non-innovator multiple source), which could affect the rebate calculation methodology, and thus the level of rebates incurred for affected products. In addition, CMS finalized its proposal to change the reimbursement metrics upon which Medicaid agencies are required to reimburse for covered outpatient drugs. The new reimbursement structure could adversely affect providers’ reimbursement for our products, and thus could adversely affect sales of our products. The Final Rule also expanded the scope of the Medicaid Drug Rebate program to apply to U.S. territories, effective April 1, 2020, which will require operational adjustments and may result in additional rebate liability. Finally, CMS withdrew its proposed definition of “line extension” set forth in the 2012 proposed rule regarding the Medicaid Drug Rebate program and opened a new 60-day comment period soliciting views on how to interpret the relevant PPACA provisions. Additional operational adjustments and financial implications may result upon CMS’s finalization of “line extension” provisions.
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We and other pharmaceutical companies have been named as defendants in a number of lawsuits filed by various government entities, alleging generally that we and numerous other pharmaceutical companies reported false pricing information in connection with certain drugs that are reimbursable by state Medicaid programs, which are partially funded by the federal government. There is a risk we will be subject to similar investigations or litigations in the future, that we will suffer adverse decisions or verdicts of substantial amounts or that we will enter into monetary settlements. Any unfavorable outcomes as a result of such future litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Employers may seek to reduce costs by reducing or eliminating employer group healthcare plans or transferring a greater portion of healthcare costs to their employees. Job losses or other economic hardships may also result in reduced levels of coverage for some individuals, potentially resulting in lower levels of healthcare coverage for themselves or their families. Further, in addition to the fact that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the Affordable Care Act’s requirement that individuals maintain insurance or face a penalty, additional steps by the Trump Administration to limit or end cost-sharing subsidies to lower-income Americans may increase instability in the insurance marketplace and the number of uninsured Americans. These economic conditions may affect patients’ ability to afford healthcare as a result of increased co-pay or deductible obligations, greater cost sensitivity to existing co-pay or deductible obligations and lost healthcare insurance coverage or for other reasons. We believe such conditions could lead to changes in patient behavior and spending patterns that negatively affect usage of certain of our products, including some patients delaying treatment, rationing prescription medications, leaving prescriptions unfilled, reducing the frequency of visits to healthcare facilities, utilizing alternative therapies or foregoing healthcare insurance coverage. Such changes may result in reduced demand for our products, which could materially and adversely affect the sales of our products, our business and results of operations.
Our customer concentration may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We primarily sell our products to a limited number of wholesale drug distributors and retail drug store chains. In turn, these wholesale drug distributors and retail drug store chains supply products to pharmacies, hospitals, governmental agencies and physicians. In addition, this distribution network is continuing to undergo significant consolidation marked by mergers and acquisitions among wholesale drug distributors and retail drug store chains. For example, McKesson Corporation and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. entered into an agreement to jointly source generic pharmaceuticals and Express Scripts, through a wholly owned subsidiary, Innovative Product Alignment, LLC, announced it will participate in Walgreens Boots Alliance Development GmbH group purchasing organization. We expect that consolidation of wholesale drug distributors and retail drug store chains will increase pricing and other competitive pressures on pharmaceutical companies, including us. Additionally, the emergence of large buying groups representing independent retail pharmacies and the prevalence and influence of managed care organizations and similar institutions increases the negotiating power of these groups, potentially enabling them to attempt to extract price discounts, rebates and other restrictive pricing terms on our products.
Total revenues from customers who accounted for 10% or more of our total revenues during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||
Cardinal Health, Inc. | 25 | % | 26 | % | 21 | % | ||
McKesson Corporation | 25 | % | 27 | % | 31 | % | ||
AmerisourceBergen Corporation | 25 | % | 25 | % | 23 | % | ||
Revenues from these customers are included within each of our segments. Accordingly, our revenues, financial condition or results of operations may also be unduly affected by fluctuations in the buying or distribution patterns of these customers. These fluctuations may result from seasonality, pricing, wholesaler inventory objectives or other factors. In addition, if we were to lose the business of any of these customers, or if any were to experience difficulty in paying us on a timely basis, our total revenues, profitability and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.
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We are currently dependent on outside manufacturers for the manufacture of a significant amount of our products; therefore, we have and will continue to have limited control of the manufacturing process and related costs. Certain of our manufacturers currently constitute the sole source of one or more of our products.
Third party manufacturers currently manufacture a significant amount of our products pursuant to contractual arrangements. Certain of our manufacturers currently constitute the sole source of our products. For example, Teikoku Seiyaku Co., Ltd. is our sole source of LIDODERM® and Sandoz Inc. is our sole source of VOLTAREN® Gel. Because of contractual restraints and the lead-time necessary to obtain FDA approval and/or DEA registration of a new manufacturer, there are no readily accessible alternatives to these manufacturers and replacement of any of these manufacturers may be expensive and time consuming and may cause interruptions in our supply of products to customers. Our business and financial viability are dependent on these third party manufacturers for continued manufacture of our products, the continued regulatory compliance of these manufacturers and the strength, validity and terms of our various contracts with these manufacturers. Any interruption or failure by these manufacturers to meet their obligations pursuant to various agreements with us on schedule or in accordance with our expectations, which could be the result of one or many factors outside of our control, could delay or prevent our ability to achieve sales expectations, cause interruptions in our supply of products to customers, disrupt our operations or cause reputational harm to our company, any or all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We are dependent on third parties to supply all raw materials used in our products and to provide services for certain core aspects of our business. Any interruption or failure by these suppliers, distributors and collaboration partners to meet their obligations pursuant to various agreements with us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
We rely on third parties to supply all raw materials used in our products. In addition, we rely on third party suppliers, distributors and collaboration partners to provide services for certain core aspects of our business, including manufacturing, warehousing, distribution, customer service support, medical affairs services, clinical studies, sales and other technical and financial services. All third party suppliers and contractors are subject to FDA, and very often DEA, requirements. Our business and financial viability are dependent on the continued supply of goods and services by these third party suppliers, the regulatory compliance of these third parties and on the strength, validity and terms of our various contracts with these third party manufacturers, distributors and collaboration partners. Any interruption or failure by our suppliers, distributors and collaboration partners to meet their obligations pursuant to various agreements with us on schedule or in accordance with our expectations, which could be the result of one or many factors outside of our control, could delay or prevent the development, approval, manufacture or commercialization of our products, result in non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations, disrupt our operations or cause reputational harm to our company, any or all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may also be unsuccessful in resolving any underlying issues with such suppliers, distributors and partners or replacing them within a reasonable time and on commercially reasonable terms.
We are dependent upon third parties to provide us with various estimates as a basis for our financial reporting. While we undertake certain procedures to review the reasonableness of this information, we cannot obtain absolute assurance over the accounting methods and controls over the information provided to us by third parties. As a result, we are at risk of them providing us with erroneous data which could have a material adverse impact on our business and or reporting.
If our manufacturing facilities are unable to manufacture our products or the manufacturing process is interrupted due to failure to comply with regulations or for other reasons, it could have a material adverse impact on our business.
If any of our manufacturing facilities fail to comply with regulatory requirements or encounter other manufacturing difficulties, it could adversely affect our ability to supply products. All facilities and manufacturing processes used for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products are subject to inspection by regulatory agencies at any time and must be operated in conformity with cGMP and, in the case of controlled substances, DEA regulations. Compliance with the FDA’s cGMP and DEA requirements applies to both drug products seeking regulatory approval and to approved drug products. In complying with cGMP requirements, pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities must continually expend significant time, money and effort in production, record-keeping and quality assurance and control so that their products meet applicable specifications and other requirements for product safety, efficacy and quality. Failure to comply with applicable legal requirements subjects our manufacturing facilities to possible legal or regulatory action, including shutdown, which may adversely affect our ability to supply the product. Additionally, our manufacturing facilities may face other significant disruptions due to labor strikes, failure to reach acceptable agreement with labor and unions, infringement of intellectual property rights, vandalism, natural disaster, storm or other environmental damage, civil or political unrest, export or import restrictions or other events. Were we not able to manufacture products at our manufacturing facilities because of regulatory, business or any other reasons, the manufacture and marketing of these products would be interrupted. This could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation, financial condition, cash flows and competitive position.
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For example, our Horsham, Pennsylvania facility and the facilities of the manufacturer that has been qualified as an alternate manufacturer for CCH, which we sell under the trademark XIAFLEX® (such manufacturer, the Alternate Manufacturer and such facility, the Alternate Facility), are subject to such regulatory requirements and oversight. If we or the Alternate Manufacturer fail to comply with cGMP requirements, we may not be permitted to sell our products or may be limited in the jurisdictions in which we are permitted to sell them. Further, if an inspection by regulatory authorities indicates that there are deficiencies, including non-compliance with regulatory requirements, we could be required to take remedial actions, stop production or close our Horsham facility or the Alternate Facility, which would disrupt the manufacturing processes, limit the supply of CCH and delay clinical trials and subsequent licensure and/or limit the sale of commercial supplies. In addition, future noncompliance with any applicable regulatory requirements may result in refusal by regulatory authorities to allow use of CCH in clinical trials, refusal of the government to allow distribution of CCH within the U.S. or other jurisdictions, criminal prosecution, fines, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, prohibitions or limitations on the commercial sale of products, refusal to allow the entering into of federal and state supply contracts and follow-on civil litigation.
The DEA limits the availability of the active ingredients used in many of our products as well as the production of these products, and, as a result, our procurement and production quotas may not be sufficient to meet commercial demand or complete clinical trials.
The DEA regulates chemical compounds as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances, with Schedule I substances considered to present the highest risk of substance abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest risk. The active ingredients in some of our products are listed by the DEA as Schedule II or III substances under the CSA. Consequently, their manufacture, shipment, storage, sale and use are subject to a high degree of regulation. For example, generally, all Schedule II drug prescriptions must be signed by a physician, physically presented to a pharmacist and may not be refilled without a new prescription.
Furthermore, the DEA limits the availability of the active ingredients used in many of our products and sets a quota on the production of these products. We, or our contract manufacturing organizations, must annually apply to the DEA for procurement and production quotas in order to obtain these substances and produce our products. As a result, our procurement and production quotas may not be sufficient to meet commercial demand or to complete clinical trials. Moreover, the DEA may adjust these quotas from time to time during the year. Any delay or refusal by the DEA in establishing our quotas, or modification of our quotas, for controlled substances could delay or result in the stoppage of our clinical trials or product launches, or could cause trade inventory disruptions for those products that have already been launched, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.
If we are unable to retain our key personnel and continue to attract additional professional staff, we may be unable to maintain or expand our business.
Because of the specialized scientific nature of our business, our ability to develop products and to compete with our current and future competitors will remain highly dependent, in large part, upon our ability to attract and retain qualified scientific, technical and commercial personnel. The loss of key scientific, technical and commercial personnel or the failure to recruit additional key scientific, technical and commercial personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business. While we have consulting agreements with certain key individuals and institutions and have employment agreements with our key executives, we may be unsuccessful in retaining personnel or their services under existing agreements. There is intense competition for qualified personnel in the areas of our activities and we may be unable to continue to attract and retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development of our business.
The trading prices of our securities may be volatile, and investments in our securities could decline in value.
The market prices for securities of Endo, and of pharmaceutical companies in general, have been highly volatile and may continue to be highly volatile in the future. For example, in 2017, our ordinary shares traded between $5.77 and $17.99 per share on the NASDAQ. The following factors, in addition to other risk factors described in this section, may cause the market value of our securities to fluctuate:
• | FDA approval or disapproval of any of the drug applications we have submitted; |
• | the success or failure of our clinical trials; |
• | new data or new analyses of older data that raises potential safety or effectiveness issues concerning our approved products; |
• | product recalls or withdrawals; |
• | competitors announcing technological innovations or new commercial products; |
• | introduction of generic or compounded substitutes for our products, including the filing of ANDAs with respect to generic versions of our branded products; |
• | developments concerning our or others’ proprietary rights, including patents; |
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• | competitors’ publicity regarding actual or potential products under development or other activities affecting our competitors or the industry in general; |
• | regulatory developments in the U.S. and foreign countries, or announcements relating to these matters; |
• | period-to-period fluctuations in our financial results; |
• | new legislation, regulation, administrative guidance or executive orders, or changes in interpretation of existing legislation, regulation, administrative guidance or executive orders, including by virtue of new judicial decisions, that could affect the development, sale or pricing of pharmaceutical products; the number of individuals with access to affordable healthcare; the taxes we pay and/or other factors; |
• | a determination by a regulatory agency that we are engaging or have engaged in inappropriate sales or marketing activities, including promoting the “off-label” use of our products; |
• | social and political pressure to lower the cost of drugs; |
• | social and political scrutiny over increases in prices of shares of pharmaceutical companies that are perceived to be caused by a strategy of growth through acquisitions; |
• | litigation; and |
• | changes in the political and regulatory environment and international relations as a result of events such as the exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Brexit) and the new U.S. administration and other external factors, including market speculation or disasters and other crises. |
Our operations could be disrupted if our information systems fail, if we are unsuccessful in implementing necessary upgrades or if we are subject to cyber-attacks.
Our business depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our computer and communications systems and networks, hardware and software systems and our other information technology. We collect and maintain information, which includes confidential and proprietary information as well as personal information regarding our customers and employees, in digital form. Data maintained in digital form is subject to risk of cyber-attacks, which are increasing in frequency and sophistication and are made by groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise, including criminal groups, “hackers” and others. Cyber-attacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, viruses, worms, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten data confidentiality, integrity and availability. Despite our efforts to monitor and safeguard our systems to prevent data compromise, the possibility of a future data compromise cannot be eliminated entirely, and risks associated with intrusion, tampering, and theft remain. In addition, we do not have insurance coverage with respect to system failures or cyber-attacks. If our systems were to fail or we are unable to successfully expand the capacity of these systems, or we are unable to integrate new technologies into our existing systems, our operations and financial results could suffer.
We also have outsourced certain elements and functions of our operations, including elements of our information technology infrastructure, to third parties, some of which are outside the U.S. As a result, we are managing many independent vendor relationships with third parties who may or could have access to our confidential information. The size and complexity of our and our vendors’ systems make such systems potentially vulnerable to service interruptions. The size and complexity of our and our vendors’ systems and the large amounts of confidential information that is present on them also makes them potentially vulnerable to security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, our partners, our vendors or other third parties, or from attacks by malicious third parties.
The Company and its vendors’ sophisticated information technology operations are spread across multiple, sometimes inconsistent platforms, which pose difficulties in maintaining data integrity across systems. The ever-increasing use and evolution of technology, including cloud-based computing, creates opportunities for the unintentional or improper dissemination or destruction of confidential information stored in the Company’s systems.
A breach of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure, unapproved dissemination, misappropriation or misuse of trade secrets, proprietary information or other confidential information, whether as a result of theft, hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, or for any other cause, could enable others to produce competing products, use our proprietary technology or information and/or adversely affect our business position. Further, any such interruption, security breach, loss or disclosure of confidential information could result in financial, legal, business and reputational harm to the Company and could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, financial condition or results of operations.
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In addition, legislators and/or regulators in countries in which we operate are increasingly adopting or revising privacy, information security and data protection laws (Privacy Laws). In particular, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, which is effective May 25, 2018, has extra-territorial scope and substantial fines for breaches (up to 4% of global annual revenue or €20 million, whichever is greater). Enforcement of Privacy Laws also has increased over the past few years. Accordingly, new and revised Privacy Laws, together with stepped-up enforcement of existing Privacy Laws, could significantly affect our current and planned privacy, data protection and information security-related practices, our collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer and/or employee information and some of our current or planned business activities. Any failure to comply with Privacy Laws, could lead to government enforcement actions and significant sanctions or penalties against us, adversely impact our results of operations and subject us to negative publicity.
Foreign regulatory requirements vary, including with respect to the regulatory approval process, and failure to obtain regulatory approval or maintain compliance with requirements in foreign jurisdictions would prevent or impact the marketing of our products in those jurisdictions.
We have worldwide intellectual property rights to market many of our products and product candidates and intend to seek approval to market certain of our products outside of the U.S. Approval of a product by the regulatory authorities of foreign countries is generally required prior to manufacturing or marketing that product in those countries. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing and the time required to obtain such approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The non-U.S. regulatory approval process includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval set forth herein. Approval by the FDA does not secure approval by the regulatory authorities of any other country, nor does the approval by foreign regulatory authorities in one country secure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA.
Outside of the U.S., regulatory agencies generally evaluate and monitor the safety, efficacy and quality of pharmaceutical products and devices and impose regulatory requirements applicable to manufacturing processes, stability testing, record keeping and quality standards, among others. These requirements vary across jurisdiction. In certain countries, including emerging and developing markets, the applicable health care and drug regulatory regimes are continuing to evolve and new requirements may be implemented. Ensuring and maintaining compliance with these evolving requirements is and will continue to be difficult, time-consuming and costly. If we fail to comply with these regulatory requirements or fail to obtain and maintain required approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to generate revenue from abroad will be adversely affected.
Our Astora subsidiary could be adversely affected by special risks and requirements related to its previous business of manufacturing medical products.
Our Astora subsidiary is subject to various risks and requirements associated with it previously being a medical equipment manufacturer, which could have adverse effects, including potential and actual product liability claims for any defective or allegedly defective goods that were distributed and increased government scrutiny and/or potential claims regarding the marketing of medical devices.
We are subject to health information privacy and data protection laws that include penalties for noncompliance.
We are subject to a number of privacy and data protection laws and regulations globally. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data security continues to evolve. There has been increased attention to privacy and data security issues in both developed and emerging markets with the potential to affect directly our business. This includes federal and state laws and regulations in the U.S. as well as in Europe and other markets. There has also been increased enforcement activity in the U.S. particularly related to data security breaches. A violation of these laws or regulations could subject us to penalties, fines and/or possible exclusion from Medicare or Medicaid. Such sanctions could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Our international operations could expose us to various risks, including risks related to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
In 2017, 7% of our total revenues were from customers outside the U.S. Some of these sales were to governmental entities and other organizations with extended payment terms. A number of factors, including differing economic conditions, changes in political climate, differing tax regimes, changes in diplomatic and trade relationships and political or economic instability in the countries where we do business, could affect payment terms and our ability to collect foreign receivables. We have little influence over these factors and changes could have a material adverse impact on our business. In particular, the risk of a debt default by one or more European countries and related European or national financial restructuring efforts may cause volatility in the value of the euro. In addition, foreign sales are influenced by fluctuations in currency exchange rates, primarily the Canadian dollar, euro and British pound.
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We face risks relating to the expected exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union.
On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom held a remain-or-leave referendum on the United Kingdom’s membership within the European Union, the result of which favored the Brexit. On March 29, 2017, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom delivered a formal notice of withdrawal to the European Union. On May 22, 2017, the Council of the European Union (the Council), adopted a decision authorizing the opening of Brexit negotiations with the United Kingdom and formally nominated the European Commission as the European Union negotiator. The Council also adopted negotiating directives for the talks. The negotiation has begun and is expected to involve a process of lengthy negotiations which will likely determine the future terms of the United Kingdom’s relationship with the European Union, as well as whether the United Kingdom will be able to continue to benefit from the European Union’s free trade and similar agreements. The timing of the Brexit is uncertain and potential impact of Brexit on our market share, sales, profitability and results of operations is unclear. If the United Kingdom were to significantly alter its regulations affecting the pharmaceutical industry, we could face significant new costs. It may also be time-consuming and expensive for us to alter our internal operations in order to comply with new regulations. In addition, since a significant proportion of the regulatory framework in the United Kingdom is derived from European Union directives and regulations, the referendum could materially impact the regulatory regime with respect to the approval of our product candidates in the United Kingdom or the European Union. Any delay in obtaining, or an inability to obtain, any regulatory approvals, as a result of Brexit or otherwise, would prevent us from commercializing our product candidates in the United Kingdom and/or the European Union and restrict our ability to generate revenue and achieve and sustain profitability. If any of these outcomes occur, we may be forced to restrict or delay efforts to seek regulatory approval in the United Kingdom and/or European Union for our product candidates, which could significantly and materially harm our business. Similarly, it is unclear at this time what Brexit’s impact will have on our intellectual property rights and the process for obtaining and defending such rights. It is possible that certain intellectual property rights, such as trademarks, granted by the European Union will cease being enforceable in the United Kingdom absent special arrangements to the contrary. Additionally, depending on the terms of Brexit, economic conditions in the United Kingdom, the European Union and global markets may be adversely affected by reduced growth and volatility. The uncertainty both during and after the period of negotiation is also expected to have a negative economic impact and increase volatility in the markets, particularly in the Eurozone. Such volatility and negative economic impact could, in turn, adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
The risks related to our global operations may adversely impact our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.
Our operations extend to numerous countries outside the U.S. and are subject to the risks of conducting business globally. Conducting business internationally, including the sale and shipping of our products and services across international borders, subjects us to extensive U.S. and foreign governmental trade regulations, such as various anti-bribery laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the FCPA), export control laws, customs and import laws, and anti-boycott laws. The FCPA and similar anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We cannot provide assurance that our internal controls and procedures will always protect us from criminal acts committed by our employees or third parties with whom we work. If we are found liable for violations of the FCPA or other applicable laws and regulations, either due to our own acts or out of inadvertence, or due to the acts or inadvertence of others, we could suffer significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties, including, but not limited to, imprisonment of individuals, fines, denial of export privileges, seizure of shipments, restrictions on certain business activities and exclusion or debarment from government contracting. Also, the failure to comply with applicable legal and regulatory obligations could result in the disruption of our shipping and sales activities.
In addition, some countries in which our subsidiaries develop, manufacture or sell products are subject to political, economic and/or social instability. Our non-U.S. R&D, manufacturing and sales operations expose us and our employees, representatives, agents and distributors to risks inherent in operating in non-U.S. jurisdictions. For example, in early 2018, we shifted certain of our U.S. R&D functions to India, where we also manufacture certain of our products. A disruption in our Indian operations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. These risks include:
• | the imposition of additional U.S. and non-U.S. governmental controls or regulations; |
• | the imposition of costly and lengthy new export licensing requirements; |
• | the imposition of U.S. and/or international sanctions against a country, company, person or entity with whom we do business that would restrict or prohibit continued business with the sanctioned country, company, person or entity; |
• | economic and political instability or disruptions, including local and regional instability, or disruptions due to natural disasters, such as severe weather and geological events, disruptions due to civil unrest and hostilities, rioting, military activity, terror attacks or armed hostilities; |
• | changes in duties and tariffs, license obligations and other non-tariff barriers to trade; |
• | the imposition of new trade restrictions; |
• | supply disruptions and increases in energy and transportation costs; |
• | the imposition of restrictions on the activities of foreign agents, representatives and distributors; |
• | changes in tax laws both in the U.S. and abroad and the imposition by non-U.S. tax authorities of significant fines, penalties and additional taxes; |
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• | pricing pressure that we may experience internationally; |
• | fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; |
• | competition from local, regional and international competitors; |
• | difficulties and costs of staffing and managing foreign operations, including cultural and differences and additional employment regulations, union workforce negotiations and potential disputes in the jurisdictions in which we operate; |
• | laws and business practices favoring local companies; |
• | difficulties in enforcing or defending intellectual property rights; and |
• | exposure to different legal and political standards due to our conducting business in foreign countries. |
We also face the risk that some of our competitors have more experience with operations in such countries or with international operations generally and may be able to manage unexpected crises more easily. Furthermore, whether due to language, cultural or other differences, public and other statements that we make may be misinterpreted, misconstrued or taken out of context in different jurisdictions. Moreover, the internal political stability of, or the relationship between, any country or countries where we conduct business operations may deteriorate, including relationships between the U.S. and other countries. Changes in a country’s political stability or the state of relations between any such countries are difficult to predict and could adversely affect our operations. Any such changes could lead to a decline in our profitability and/or adversely impact our ability to do business. Any meaningful deterioration of the political or social stability in and/or diplomatic relations between any countries in which we or our partners and suppliers do business could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
We cannot provide assurance that one or more of these factors will not harm our business. Any material decrease in our non-U.S. R&D, manufacturing or sales could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
We have a substantial amount of indebtedness which could adversely affect our financial position and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under such indebtedness, which may require us to refinance all or part of our then outstanding indebtedness. Any refinancing of this substantial indebtedness could be at significantly higher interest rates. Despite our current level of indebtedness, we may still be able to incur substantially more indebtedness. This could increase the risks associated with our substantial indebtedness.
We currently have a substantial amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2017, we have total debt of approximately $8.38 billion in aggregate principal amount. Our substantial indebtedness may:
• | make it difficult for us to satisfy our financial obligations, including making scheduled principal and interest payments on our indebtedness; |
• | limit our ability to borrow additional funds for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general business purposes; |
• | limit our ability to use our cash flow or obtain additional financing for future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general business purposes; |
• | expose us to the risk of rising interest rates with respect to the borrowings under our variable rate indebtedness; |
• | require us to use a substantial portion of our cash on hand and/or from future operations to make debt service payments; |
• | limit our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business and industry; |
• | place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our less leveraged competitors; and |
• | increase our vulnerability to the impact of adverse economic and industry conditions. |
If we are unable to pay amounts due under our outstanding indebtedness or to fund other liquidity needs, such as future capital expenditures or contingent liabilities as a result of adverse business developments, including expenses related to our ongoing and future legal proceedings and governmental investigations as well as increased pricing pressures or otherwise, we may be required to refinance all or part of our then existing indebtedness, sell assets, reduce or delay capital expenditures or seek to raise additional capital, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to accomplish any of these alternatives on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Any refinancing of this substantial indebtedness could be at significantly higher interest rates, which will depend on the conditions of the markets and our financial condition at such time. In addition, we and our subsidiaries may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. If new indebtedness is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we and our subsidiaries now face could intensify.
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Covenants in our debt agreements restrict our business in many ways, a default of which may result in acceleration of certain of our indebtedness.
We are subject to various covenants in the instruments governing our debt that limit our ability and/or our restricted subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things:
• | incur or assume liens or additional debt or provide guarantees in respect of obligations of other persons; |
• | issue redeemable stock and preferred stock; |
• | pay dividends or distributions or redeem or repurchase capital stock; |
• | prepay, redeem or repurchase debt; |
• | make loans, investments and capital expenditures; |
• | enter into agreements that restrict distributions from our subsidiaries; |
• | sell assets and capital stock of our subsidiaries; |
• | enter into certain transactions with affiliates; and |
• | consolidate or merge with or into, or sell substantially all of our assets to, another person. |
A breach of any of these covenants could result in a default under our indebtedness. If there were an event of default under any of the agreements relating to our outstanding indebtedness, the holders of the defaulted debt could cause all amounts outstanding with respect to that debt to be due and payable immediately, terminate all commitments to extend further credit, foreclose against all the assets comprising the collateral securing or otherwise supporting the debt and pursue other legal remedies. The instruments governing our debt contain cross-default or cross-acceleration provisions that may cause all of the debt issued under such instruments to become immediately due and payable as a result of a default under an unrelated debt instrument. An event of default or an acceleration under one debt agreement could cause a cross-default or cross-acceleration of other debt agreements. Our assets and cash flows may be insufficient to fully repay borrowings under our outstanding debt instruments if the obligations thereunder were accelerated upon an event of default. We may need to conduct asset sales or elect to pursue other alternatives, including proceedings under applicable insolvency laws relating to some or all of our business. Any or all of the above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financing activities, financial conditions and operations. For a description of our indebtedness, see Note 13. Debt in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules".
U.S. federal income tax reform could adversely affect us.
On December 22, 2017, U.S. federal tax legislation, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA), was signed into law, significantly altering the U.S. Internal Revenue Code effective, in substantial part, January 1, 2018. The TCJA, among other things, includes:
• | changes to U.S. federal tax rates; |
• | expanded limitations on the deductibility of interest; |
• | immediate expensing of capital expenditures; |
• | the migration from a “worldwide” system of taxation to a territorial system; |
• | the creation of an anti-base erosion minimum tax system; and |
• | the modification or repeal of many business deductions and credits. |
Additionally, the TCJA eliminates the ability to carry back any future net operating losses and only allows for carryforwards, the utilization of which is limited to 80% of taxable income in a given carryforward year. This could affect the timing of our ability to utilize net operating losses in the future.
The aforementioned changes could, individually or in aggregate, increase our future effective tax rate and adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows from operations. Finally, prospective or retroactive regulatory and administrative guidance relating to the TCJA could adversely impact our businesses and our current and future projections of U.S. cash taxes.
Further future changes to tax laws could materially adversely affect us.
Under current law, we are expected to be treated as a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, changes to the rules in Section 7874 of the Code or regulations promulgated thereunder or other guidance issued by the Treasury or the IRS could adversely affect our status as a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and any such changes could have prospective or retroactive application to us, Endo Health Solutions Inc. (EHSI) and/or their respective shareholders and affiliates. Consequently, there can be no assurance that there will not exist in the future a change in law that might cause us to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including with retroactive effect.
In addition, recent Irish proposals could create a “controlled foreign corporation” tax regime and limit deductibility of certain interest and/or other payments made by our Irish subsidiaries from which we currently benefit. If such changes in law were enacted, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial statements and cash flow from operations.
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In addition, Ireland’s Department of Finance, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the European Commission and other Government agencies in jurisdictions where we and our affiliates do business have had an extended focus on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations and there are several current proposals that, if enacted, would substantially change the taxation of multinational corporations. One example is in the area of “base erosion and profit shifting,” where payments are made between affiliates from a jurisdiction with high tax rates to a jurisdiction with lower tax rates. As a result, the tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could increase our effective tax rate, potentially materially adversely impacting our financial statements and cash flows from operations.
The IRS may not agree with the conclusion that we should be treated as a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Although we are incorporated in Ireland, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) may assert that we should be treated as a U.S. corporation (and, therefore, a U.S. tax resident) for U.S. federal income tax purposes pursuant to Section 7874 of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). A corporation is generally considered a tax resident in the jurisdiction of its organization or incorporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Because we are an Irish incorporated entity, we would generally be classified as a non-U.S. corporation (and, therefore, a non-U.S. tax resident) under these rules. Section 7874 provides an exception pursuant to which a non-U.S. incorporated entity may, in certain circumstances, be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Under Section 7874, we would be treated as a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes if the former shareholders of EHSI owned, immediately after the Paladin transaction (within the meaning of Section 7874), less than 80% (by both vote and value) of Endo shares by reason of holding shares in EHSI (the ownership test). The former EHSI shareholders owned less than 80% (by both vote and value) of the shares in Endo after the Paladin merger by reason of their ownership of shares in EHSI. As a result, under current law, we are expected to be treated as a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. There is limited guidance regarding the application of Section 7874, including with respect to the provisions regarding the application of the ownership test. Our obligation to complete the Paladin transactions was conditional upon its receipt of a Section 7874 opinion from our counsel, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (Skadden), dated as of the closing date of the Paladin transaction and subject to certain qualifications and limitations set forth therein, to the effect that Section 7874 and the regulations promulgated thereunder should not apply in such a manner so as to cause Endo to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes from and after the closing date. However, an opinion of tax counsel is not binding on the IRS or a court. Therefore, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not take a position contrary to Skadden’s Section 7874 opinion or that a court will not agree with the IRS in the event of litigation.
The effective rate of taxation upon our results of operations is dependent on multi-national tax considerations.
We earn a portion of our income outside the U.S. That portion of our earnings is taxed at the more favorable rates applicable to the activities undertaken by our subsidiaries outside of the U.S. Our effective income tax rate in the future could be adversely affected by a number of factors, including changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in tax laws, the outcome of income tax audits and the repatriation of earnings from our subsidiaries for which we have not provided for taxes. Cash repatriations are subject to restrictions in certain jurisdictions and may be subject to withholding and other taxes. We are subject to the examination of our tax returns and tax arrangements by the IRS and other tax and governmental authorities. For example, our transfer pricing is and has been the subject of tax authority audits, and may be the subject of future audits by tax authorities, and we may be subject to tax assessments or the reallocation of income among our subsidiaries. We regularly assess all of these matters to determine the adequacy of our tax provisions, which are subject to significant discretion. Although we believe our tax provisions are adequate, the final determination of tax audits and any related disputes could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. The results of audits and disputes could have a material adverse effect on our financial statements for the period or periods for which the applicable final determinations are made.
We may not be able to successfully maintain our low tax rates or other tax positions, which could adversely affect our businesses and financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
We are incorporated in Ireland and also maintain subsidiaries in, amongst other jurisdictions, the United States, Canada, India, Bermuda, the United Kingdom and Luxembourg. The IRS and other taxing authorities may continue to challenge our intercompany arrangements. Responding to or defending such a challenge could be expensive, consume time and other resources and divert management’s attention. We cannot predict whether taxing authorities will conduct an audit challenging our tax positions, the cost involved in responding to and defending any such audit and resulting litigation, or the outcome. If we are unsuccessful, we may be required to pay taxes for prior periods, interest, fines or penalties, and may be obligated to pay increased taxes in the future or repay certain tax refunds, any of which could require us to reduce our operating expenses, decrease efforts in support of our products or seek to raise additional funds, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial statements, results of operations and growth prospects.
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Our ability to use U.S. tax attributes to offset U.S. taxable income may be limited.
Existing and future tax laws and regulations may limit our ability to use U.S. tax attributes including, but not limited to, net operating losses, to offset U.S. taxable income. For a period of time following the 2014 Paladin transaction, Section 7874 of the Code precludes our U.S. affiliates from utilizing U.S. tax attributes to offset taxable income if we complete certain transactions with related non-U.S. subsidiaries. In addition, the U.S. Treasury Department has issued temporary and proposed regulations related to corporate inversions and earnings stripping. The limitations on the use of certain tax attributes and deductions in these regulations are in addition to existing rules that could impose more restrictive limitations in the event that cumulative changes in our stock ownership within a three-year period exceed certain thresholds. Such changes or the adoption of additional limitations could impact our overall utilization of deferred tax assets, potentially resulting in a material adverse impact to our financial statements and cash flows from operations.
Any attempts to take us over will be subject to Irish Takeover Rules and subject to review by the Irish Takeover Panel.
We are subject to Irish Takeover Rules, under which our board of directors (Board of Directors) will not be permitted to take any action which might frustrate an offer for our ordinary shares once it has received an approach which may lead to an offer or has reason to believe an offer is imminent.
If pharmaceutical companies are successful in limiting the use of generics through their legislative, regulatory and other efforts, our sales of generic products may suffer.
Many pharmaceutical companies increasingly have used state and federal legislative and regulatory means to delay generic competition. These efforts have included:
• | pursuing new patents for existing products which may be granted just before the expiration of earlier patents, which could extend patent protection for additional years; |
• | using the Citizen Petition process (e.g., under 21 C.F.R. s. 10.30) to request amendments to FDA standards; |
• | attempting to use the legislative and regulatory process to have drugs reclassified or rescheduled or to set definitions of abuse deterrent formulations to protect brand company patents and profits; and |
• | engaging in state-by-state initiatives to enact legislation that restricts the substitution of some generic drugs. |
If pharmaceutical companies or other third parties are successful in limiting the use of generic products through these or other means, our sales of generic products may decline. If we experience a material decline in generic product sales, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows will suffer.
We have limited experience in manufacturing biologic products and may encounter difficulties in our manufacturing processes, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or delay or disrupt manufacture of those of our products that are reliant upon our manufacturing operations.
The manufacture of biologic products requires significant expertise and capital investment. Although we manufacture CCH, the active ingredient in XIAFLEX®, in our Horsham, Pennsylvania facility, we have limited experience in manufacturing CCH or any other biologic products. Biologics such as CCH require processing steps that are highly complex and generally more difficult than those required for most chemical pharmaceuticals. In addition, TESTOPEL® is manufactured using a unique, proprietary process. If our manufacturing processes at the Horsham or Rye, New York facilities are disrupted, it may be difficult to find alternate manufacturing sites. We may encounter difficulties with the manufacture of the active ingredient of XIAFLEX® or TESTOPEL®, which could delay, disrupt or halt our manufacture of XIAFLEX® and TESTOPEL®, respectively, require write-offs which may affect our financial results, result in product recalls or product liability claims or otherwise materially affect our results of operations.
We are incorporated in Ireland, and Irish law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and may afford less protection to, or otherwise adversely affect, our shareholders.
Our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States. As an Irish company, we are governed by the Irish Companies Act 2014 (the Companies Act). The Companies Act and other relevant aspects of Irish law differ in some material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and shareholders, including, among others, the provisions relating to interested director and officer transactions, acquisitions, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits and indemnification of directors. For example, under Irish law, the duties of directors and officers of a company are generally owed to the company only. As a result, shareholders of Irish companies generally do not have a personal right of action against the directors or officers of a company and may pursue a right of action on behalf of the company only in limited circumstances. In addition, depending on the circumstances, the acquisition, ownership and/or disposition of our ordinary shares may subject individuals to different or additional tax consequences under Irish law including, but not limited to, Irish stamp duty, dividend withholding tax and capital acquisitions tax.
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We are an Irish company and it may be difficult to enforce judgments against us or certain of our officers and directors.
We are incorporated in Ireland and a substantial portion of our assets are located in jurisdictions outside the U.S. In addition, some of our officers and directors reside outside the U.S., and some or all of their respective assets are or may be located in jurisdictions outside of the U.S. Therefore, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process against us or such officers or directors or to enforce against us or them judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws.
There is no treaty between Ireland and the U.S. providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. The following requirements must be met before the foreign judgment will be deemed to be enforceable in Ireland:
• | the judgment must be for a definite sum; |
• | the judgment must be final and conclusive; and |
• | the judgment must be provided by a court of competent jurisdiction. |
An Irish court will also exercise its right to refuse judgment if the foreign judgment was obtained by fraud, if the judgment violated Irish public policy, if the judgment is in breach of natural justice or if it is irreconcilable with an earlier judgment. Further, an Irish court may stay proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. Judgments of U.S. courts of liabilities predicated upon U.S. federal securities laws may not be enforced by Irish courts if deemed to be contrary to public policy in Ireland.
Our failure to comply with various laws protecting the confidentiality of certain patient health information could result in penalties and reputational damage.
Certain countries in which we operate have, or are developing, laws protecting the confidentiality of certain patient health information. European Union (EU) member states and other jurisdictions have adopted data protection laws and regulations, which impose significant compliance obligations.
For example, the EU Data Protection Directive, as implemented into national laws by the EU member states, imposes strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to collect, analyze and transfer personal data, including health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting. Data protection authorities from different EU member states may interpret the EU Data Protection Directive and national laws differently, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the EU, and guidance on implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised. The EU Data Protection Directive prohibits the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the EU member states that are not considered by the European Commission to provide an adequate level of data protection, and transfers of personal data to such countries can only be made in certain circumstances, such as where the transfer is required by law or the individual to whom the personal data relates has given his or her consent to the transfer. We have policies and practices that we believe make us compliant with applicable privacy regulations. Nevertheless, any failure to comply with the rules arising from the EU Data Protection Directive and related national laws of EU member states, as well as privacy laws in other countries in which we operate, could lead to government enforcement actions and significant sanctions or penalties against us, adversely impact our results of operations and subject us to negative publicity.
The EU Data Protection Regulation, which will replace the current EU Data Protection Directive, was adopted in 2016 and will become enforceable on May 25, 2018. The EU Data Protection Regulation will introduce new data protection requirements in the EU and substantial fines for breaches of the data protection rules may increase our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the new EU data protection rules. Such additional responsibility and/or liabilities may materially affect our operations.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
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Item 2. Properties
Our significant properties at December 31, 2017 are as follows:
Location | Purpose | Approximate Square Footage | Ownership | Lease Term End Date | |||||
Corporate Properties: | |||||||||
Dublin, Ireland | Global Corporate Headquarters | 17,000 | Leased | August 2024 | |||||
Malvern, Pennsylvania | U.S. Corporate Headquarters | 300,000 | Leased (1) | December 2024 | |||||
Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania | Former Auxilium Headquarters | 75,000 | Leased (2) | December 2023 | |||||
U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals Segment Properties: | |||||||||
Cranbury, New Jersey | Manufacturing | 33,000 | Leased | February 2023 | |||||
Rye, New York | Manufacturing | 20,000 | Leased/Owned (3) | March 2019 | |||||
Horsham, Pennsylvania | Administration/Research & Development | 40,000 | Leased | July 2028 | |||||
Horsham, Pennsylvania | Manufacturing | 50,000 | Leased | July 2028 | |||||
U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals Segment Properties: | |||||||||
Chestnut Ridge, New York | Administration/Distribution | 135,000 | Owned | N/A | |||||
Chestnut Ridge, New York | Administration/Manufacturing | 92,000 | Owned | N/A | |||||
Chestnut Ridge, New York | Administration/Research & Development | 62,000 | Leased | December 2024 | |||||
Chestnut Ridge, New York | Administration/Quality Assurance | 40,000 | Owned | N/A | |||||
Huntsville, Alabama | Distribution/Manufacturing | 320,000 | Owned (4) | N/A | |||||
Huntsville, Alabama | Generic Pharmaceuticals Distribution | 280,000 | Owned (4) | N/A | |||||
Huntsville, Alabama | Distribution/Manufacturing | 180,000 | Owned (4) | N/A | |||||
Huntsville, Alabama | Distribution | 37,000 | Leased (4) | September 2019 | |||||
Irvine, California | Manufacturing/Distribution | 66,000 | Leased | December 2022 | |||||
Irvine, California | Administration/Manufacturing/Quality Assurance | 66,000 | Leased | December 2022 | |||||
Irvine, California | Research & Development | 27,000 | Leased | August 2018 | |||||
Montebello, New York | Distribution | 189,000 | Leased | January 2024 | |||||
Chennai, India | Administration/Manufacturing/Research & Development | 95,000 | Owned | N/A | |||||
Chennai, India | Research & Development | 24,000 | Leased | May 2021 | |||||
Chennai, India | Administration/Manufacturing/Research & Development | 130,000 | Owned | N/A | |||||
Chennai, India | Administration/Manufacturing/Research & Development | 190,000 | Owned | N/A | |||||
Mumbai, India | Research & Development | 20,000 | Leased | August 2022 | |||||
Rochester, Michigan | Administration/Manufacturing/Research & Development | 407,000 | Owned | N/A | |||||
International Pharmaceuticals Segment Properties: | |||||||||
Montreal, Canada | Paladin Headquarters | 26,000 | Leased | December 2023 | |||||
__________
(1) | Approximately 90,000 square feet of this property has been subleased. |
(2) | This property has been subleased. |
(3) | Approximately 11,000 square feet of this property is leased and 9,000 square feet is owned. |
(4) | As discussed in Note 4. Restructuring of the Consolidated Financial Statements of Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules", as a result of the 2017 U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals Restructuring Initiative, the Company is currently in the process of closing its Huntsville, Alabama facilities and expects to complete such closures by the end of the third quarter of 2018. |
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
The disclosures under Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies of the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules" are incorporated into this Part I, Item 3 by reference.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information. Our ordinary shares are traded on the NASDAQ under the ticker symbol “ENDP.” The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low share price information for the periods indicated. The prices shown represent quotations between dealers, without adjustment for retail markups, markdowns or commissions, and may not represent actual transactions.
Endo Ordinary Shares | |||||||
NASDAQ (US$) | |||||||
High | Low | ||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||
1st Quarter | $ | 17.99 | $ | 9.70 | |||
2nd Quarter | $ | 14.15 | $ | 10.15 | |||
3rd Quarter | $ | 12.54 | $ | 7.41 | |||
4th Quarter | $ | 9.20 | $ | 5.77 | |||
Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||
1st Quarter | $ | 61.14 | $ | 25.98 | |||
2nd Quarter | $ | 35.34 | $ | 12.56 | |||
3rd Quarter | $ | 24.93 | $ | 15.45 | |||
4th Quarter | $ | 21.87 | $ | 13.83 | |||
Holders. As of February 20, 2018, we estimate that there were approximately 77 holders of record of our ordinary shares.
Dividends. We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and we currently have no plans to declare a dividend. Subject to limitations imposed by Irish law and the various agreements and indentures governing our indebtedness, we are permitted to pay dividends.
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Performance Graph. The following graph provides a comparison of the cumulative total shareholder return on the Company’s ordinary shares with that of the cumulative total shareholder return on the (i) NASDAQ Composite Index and (ii) the NASDAQ Pharmaceutical Index, commencing on December 31, 2012 and ending December 31, 2017. The graph assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2012 in the Company’s ordinary shares and in each of the comparative indices. Our historic share price performance is not necessarily indicative of future share price performance.
December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
Endo International plc | $ | 100.00 | $ | 257.19 | $ | 274.95 | $ | 233.40 | $ | 62.79 | $ | 29.55 | |||||||||||
NASDAQ Composite Index | $ | 100.00 | $ | 141.63 | $ | 162.09 | $ | 173.33 | $ | 187.19 | $ | 242.29 | |||||||||||
NASDAQ Pharmaceutical Index | $ | 100.00 | $ | 170.57 | $ | 221.26 | $ | 229.97 | $ | 182.33 | $ | 210.44 | |||||||||||
Recent sales of unregistered securities; Use of proceeds from registered securities. There were no unregistered sales of equity securities by the Company during the three years ended December 31, 2017.
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Purchase of Equity Securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers. The following table reflects purchases of Endo International plc ordinary shares by the Company during the three months ended December 31, 2017:
Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plan (1) | |||||||||
October 1, 2017 to October 31, 2017 | — | — | — | $ | 2,250,000,000 | ||||||||
November 1, 2017 to November 30, 2017 | — | — | — | $ | 2,250,000,000 | ||||||||
December 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 | — | — | — | $ | 2,250,000,000 | ||||||||
Three months ended December 31, 2017 | — | — | |||||||||||
__________
(1) | On April 28, 2015, our Board of Directors resolved to approve a share buyback program (the 2015 Share Buyback Program), authorizing the Company to redeem in the aggregate up to $2.5 billion of its outstanding ordinary shares. In accordance with Irish Law and the Company’s Articles of Association, all ordinary shares redeemed shall be cancelled upon redemption. Redemptions under this program may be made from time to time in open market or negotiated transactions or otherwise, as determined by the Board of Directors. This program does not obligate the Company to redeem any particular amount of ordinary shares. Future redemptions, if any, will depend on factors such as levels of cash generation from operations, cash requirements for investment in the Company's business, repayment of future debt, if any, the then current share price, market conditions, legal limitations and other factors. The 2015 Share Buyback Program may be suspended, modified or discontinued at any time. During November 2015, the Company redeemed and cancelled 4.4 million ordinary shares totaling $250.0 million, not including related fees. |
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Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The consolidated financial information presented below has been derived from our financial statements. The selected historical consolidated financial data presented below should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7 of this report "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Part II, Item 8 of this report "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data". The selected data in this section is not intended to replace the Consolidated Financial Statements. The information presented below is not necessarily indicative of the results of our future operations. See Note 3. Discontinued Operations and Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules" and below for further discussion on reclassifications to conform to the current presentation.
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statement of Operations Data: | |||||||||||||||||||
Total revenues | $ | 3,468,858 | $ | 4,010,274 | $ | 3,268,718 | $ | 2,380,683 | $ | 2,124,681 | |||||||||
Operating (loss) income from continuing operations | (960,065 | ) | (3,471,515 | ) | (933,475 | ) | 326,482 | 517,225 | |||||||||||
(Loss) income from continuing operations before income tax | (1,483,004 | ) | (3,923,856 | ) | (1,437,864 | ) | 99,875 | 385,366 | |||||||||||
(Loss) income from continuing operations | (1,232,711 | ) | (3,223,772 | ) | (300,399 | ) | 61,608 | 241,624 | |||||||||||
Discontinued operations, net of tax | (802,722 | ) | (123,278 | ) | (1,194,926 | ) | (779,792 | ) | (874,038 | ) | |||||||||
Consolidated net loss | (2,035,433 | ) | (3,347,050 | ) | (1,495,325 | ) | (718,184 | ) | (632,414 | ) | |||||||||
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | — | 16 | (283 | ) | 3,135 | 52,925 | |||||||||||||
Net loss attributable to Endo International plc | $ | (2,035,433 | ) | $ | (3,347,066 | ) | $ | (1,495,042 | ) | $ | (721,319 | ) | $ | (685,339 | ) | ||||
Basic and Diluted net (loss) income per share attributable to Endo International plc: | |||||||||||||||||||
Continuing operations—basic | $ | (5.52 | ) | $ | (14.48 | ) | $ | (1.52 | ) | $ | 0.42 | $ | 2.13 | ||||||
Discontinued operations—basic | (3.60 | ) | (0.55 | ) | (6.07 | ) | (5.33 | ) | (8.18 | ) | |||||||||
Basic | $ | (9.12 | ) | $ | (15.03 | ) | $ | (7.59 | ) | $ | (4.91 | ) | $ | (6.05 | ) | ||||
Continuing operations—diluted | $ | (5.52 | ) | $ | (14.48 | ) | $ | (1.52 | ) | $ | 0.40 | $ | 2.02 | ||||||
Discontinued operations—diluted | (3.60 | ) | (0.55 | ) | (6.07 | ) | (5.00 | ) | (7.74 | ) | |||||||||
Diluted | $ | (9.12 | ) | $ | (15.03 | ) | $ | (7.59 | ) | $ | (4.60 | ) | $ | (5.72 | ) | ||||
Shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to Endo International plc—Basic | 223,198 | 222,651 | 197,100 | 146,896 | 113,295 | ||||||||||||||
Shares used to compute net loss per share attributable to Endo International plc—Diluted | 223,198 | 222,651 | 197,100 | 156,730 | 119,829 | ||||||||||||||
Cash dividends declared per share | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||
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As of and for the Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: | |||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 986,605 | $ | 517,250 | $ | 272,348 | $ | 405,696 | $ | 526,597 | |||||||||
Total assets | $ | 11,635,580 | $ | 14,275,109 | $ | 19,350,336 | $ | 10,824,169 | $ | 6,510,810 | |||||||||
Long-term debt, less current portion, net | $ | 8,242,032 | $ | 8,141,378 | $ | 8,251,657 | $ | 4,100,627 | $ | 3,262,798 | |||||||||
Other long-term obligations, including capitalized leases | $ | 687,759 | $ | 797,397 | $ | 1,656,391 | $ | 1,149,353 | $ | 910,552 | |||||||||
Total Endo International plc shareholders’ equity | $ | 484,880 | $ | 2,701,589 | $ | 5,968,030 | $ | 2,374,757 | $ | 526,018 | |||||||||
Noncontrolling interests | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (54 | ) | $ | 33,456 | $ | 59,198 | ||||||||
Total shareholders’ equity | $ | 484,880 | $ | 2,701,589 | $ | 5,967,976 | $ | 2,408,213 | $ | 585,216 | |||||||||
Other Financial Data: | |||||||||||||||||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 553,985 | $ | 528,143 | $ | 118,501 | $ | 372,964 | $ | 310,534 | |||||||||
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | $ | 104,583 | $ | (177,552 | ) | $ | (6,183,764 | ) | $ | (1,008,616 | ) | $ | (113,639 | ) | |||||
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | $ | (166,993 | ) | $ | (397,186 | ) | $ | 6,001,992 | $ | 267,669 | $ | 567,508 | |||||||
As further discussed in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules", the Company has adopted certain accounting pronouncements in 2017. As a result, certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
The comparability of the forgoing information is impacted by various factors. The Company has recorded certain charges for asset impairments and litigation-related and other matters during each year presented, portions of which are reported as Discontinued operations, net of tax in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company has completed a number of significant business combinations since 2013, certain of which resulted in significant financing activities. These business combinations had a significant impact on the Company’s financial statements in their respective years of acquisition and in subsequent years. These impacts result from the consideration transferred by the Company for the acquisitions, the initial and subsequent purchase accounting for the acquired entities’ assets and liabilities and the post-acquisition results of operations. The Company has also ceased operations and/or divested of certain businesses.
Through the dates of: (i) the sale of the HealthTronics, Inc. (HealthTronics) business in February 2014, (ii) the sale of the Men’s Health and Prostate Health businesses in August 2015 and (iii) the wind down of the Women’s Health business (referred to herein as Astora) in March 2016, the assets and liabilities of all of these aforementioned businesses are classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for all periods presented, except in the case of certain assets and liabilities that were to remain with the Company after sale including, among others, the mesh-related product liability accrual, related Qualified Settlement Funds (QSFs) and certain intangible and fixed assets. Additionally, the assets and liabilities of Litha Healthcare Group Limited and related Sub-Sahara African business assets (Litha), which was sold on July 3, 2017, are classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2016. The operating results of the HealthTronics business and the entire American Medical Systems Holdings, Inc. (AMS) business, which includes Men’s Health, Prostate Health and Astora, are reported as Discontinued operations, net of tax in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for all periods presented. For additional information, see Note 3. Discontinued Operations and Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules".
For further information regarding the comparability of the financial data presented in the tables above and factors that may impact comparability of future results, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as well as the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in this report and previously filed Annual Reports on Form 10-K.
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations describes the principal factors affecting the results of operations, liquidity and capital resources and critical accounting estimates of Endo International plc. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes thereto. Except for the historical information contained in this Report, including the following discussion, this Report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See "Forward-Looking Statements" beginning on page i of this Report.
Unless otherwise indicated or required by the context, references throughout to “Endo,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us” refer to financial information and transactions of Endo International plc and its subsidiaries.
The assets and liabilities of Litha, which was sold on July 3, 2017, are classified as held for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2016. The operating results of AMS are reported as Discontinued operations, net of tax in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for all periods presented. For additional information, see Note 3. Discontinued Operations and Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules".
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This executive summary provides highlights from the results of operations that follow:
• | Total revenues in 2017 decreased 14% from 2016 to $3,468.9 million as strong performance from our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment’s Sterile Injectables portfolio and our U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals segment’s Specialty Products portfolio was more than offset by declines in our U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment’s Base portfolio and our U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals segment’s Established Products portfolio. |
• | Gross margin percentage in 2017 increased to 35.8% from 34.3% in 2016. This increase was primarily attributable to a shift in product mix to higher margin products, the favorable margin impact from our manufacturing network restructuring initiatives, including product rationalization efforts, and decreased amortization expense. |
• | Asset impairment charges in 2017 decreased to $1,154.4 million from $3,781.2 million in 2016. |
• | During the year ended December 31, 2017, we recognized an income tax benefit of $250.3 million on $1,483.0 million of loss from continuing operations before income tax, compared to a tax benefit of $700.1 million on $3,923.9 million of loss from continuing operations before income tax during 2016. This reduction was primarily attributable to a benefit arising from a 2016 legal entity restructuring as part of our continuing integration of our acquired businesses that did not reoccur in 2017. This 2016 restructuring resulted in the realization of a $636.1 million tax benefit arising from an outside basis difference that was reduced by a $394.6 million charge for the establishment of a valuation allowance on a portion of the Company’s U.S. deferred tax assets. |
• | Loss from continuing operations in 2017 was $1,232.7 million, compared to $3,223.8 million in 2016. |
• | In January 2017, we announced a restructuring initiative as part of our ongoing organizational review intended to further integrate, streamline and optimize our operations by aligning certain corporate and R&D functions with our recently restructured U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals and U.S. Branded Pharmaceuticals business units in order to create efficiencies and cost savings (the January 2017 Restructuring Initiative). |
• | In March 2017, we announced that the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Safety and Risk Management and Anesthetic and Analgesic Drug Products Advisory Committees voted that the benefits of reformulated OPANA® ER (oxymorphone hydrochloride extended release) no longer outweigh its risks. In June 2017, we became aware of the FDA’s request that we voluntarily withdraw OPANA® ER from the market, and in July 2017, after careful consideration and consultation with the FDA, we decided to voluntarily remove OPANA® ER from the market. During the second quarter of 2017, we began to work with the FDA to coordinate an orderly withdrawal of the product from the market. By September 1, 2017, we ceased shipments of OPANA® ER to customers and we expect the New Drug Application will be withdrawn in the coming months. |
• | In April 2017, we issued $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior secured notes due 2024 and entered into a new senior secured credit agreement (the 2017 Credit Agreement) among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, the lenders party thereto from time to time and JPMorgan Chase, Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, issuing bank and swingline lender, which provided for (i) a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility in a principal amount of $1,000.0 million (the 2017 Revolving Credit Facility) and (ii) a seven-year senior secured term loan facility in a principal amount of $3,415.0 million (the 2017 Term Loan Facility). We used the net proceeds from these instruments and cash on hand to repay all of our outstanding loans under our prior credit facilities and to pay related fees and expenses. Any proceeds from the 2017 Revolving Credit Facility are expected to be used for working capital, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes. |
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• | Beginning in the second quarter of 2017, we aggressively pursued a settlement strategy in connection with mesh litigation. Consequently, we increased our mesh liability accrual by $775.5 million in the second quarter of 2017, which is expected to cover approximately 22,000 known U.S. mesh claims, subject to a claims validation process for all resolved claims, as well as all of the international mesh liability claims of which we were aware and other mesh-related matters. Although we believe we appropriately estimated the probable total amount of loss associated with mesh-related matters, it is reasonably possible that further claims may be filed or asserted or adjustments to our liability accrual may be required. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Charges related to mesh liability and associated legal fees and other expenses for all periods presented are reported in Discontinued operations, net of tax in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules" for further information. |
• | As part of previously announced initiatives, we divested both Litha, our South African business, and Somar, our Latin American business in July 2017 and October 2017, respectively. |
• | In July 2017, we announced that we will be ceasing operations and closing our manufacturing and distribution facilities in Huntsville, Alabama (the 2017 U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals Restructuring Initiative). |
• | In January 2018, the Company initiated a restructuring initiative that included a reorganization of its U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment’s research and development network, a further simplification of the Company’s manufacturing networks and a company-wide unification of certain corporate functions (the January 2018 Restructuring Initiative). |
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
The preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (U.S. GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts and disclosures in our Consolidated Financial Statements, including the notes thereto, and elsewhere in this report. For example, we are required to make significant estimates and assumptions related to revenue recognition, including sales deductions, financial instruments, long-lived assets, goodwill, other intangibles, income taxes, contingencies and share-based compensation, among others. Some of these estimates can be subjective and complex. Although we believe that our estimates and assumptions are reasonable, there may be other reasonable estimates or assumptions that differ significantly from ours. Further, our estimates and assumptions are based upon information available at the time they were made. Actual results may differ significantly from our estimates.
Accordingly, in order to understand our Consolidated Financial Statements, it is important to understand our critical accounting estimates. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (i) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made and (ii) changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Our most critical accounting estimates are described below:
Revenue recognition
Our revenue consists almost entirely of sales of our pharmaceutical products to customers, whereby we ship product to a customer pursuant to a purchase order, which typically corresponds and/or makes reference to a master agreement with that customer, and invoice the customer upon shipment. For sales such as these, we recognize revenue when title and risk of loss has passed to the customer, which is typically upon delivery to the customer, when estimated provisions for revenue reserves are reasonably determinable and when collectability is reasonably confirmed. The amount of revenue we recognize is equal to the selling price, adjusted for our estimates of a number of significant sales deductions, which are further described below.
Revenue from the launch of a new or significantly unique product may be deferred until such time that the product has achieved market acceptance. For these products, revenue is typically recognized based on dispensed prescription data and other information obtained prior to and during the period following launch.
We believe that speculative buying of product, particularly in anticipation of possible price increases, has been the historical practice of certain of our customers. The timing of purchasing decisions made by wholesaler and large retail chain customers can materially affect the level of our sales in any particular period. Accordingly, our sales may not correlate to the number of prescriptions written for our products based on external third-party data.
We have entered into distribution service agreements (DSAs) with certain of our significant wholesaler customers that obligate the wholesalers, in exchange for fees paid by us, to: (i) manage the variability of their purchases and inventory levels within specified limits based on product demand and (ii) provide us with specific services, including the provision of periodic retail demand information and current inventory levels for our pharmaceutical products held at their warehouse locations.
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Sales deductions
When we recognize revenue from the sale of our products, we simultaneously record an adjustment to revenue for estimated chargebacks, rebates, sales incentives and allowances, DSA and other fees for services, returns and allowances. These sales deductions, as described in greater detail below, are estimated based on historical experience, estimated future trends, estimated customer inventory levels, current contract sales terms with our direct and indirect customers and other competitive factors. We subsequently review our provisions for our various sales deductions based on new or revised information that becomes available to us and make revisions to our estimates if and when appropriate.
Where available, we have relied on information received from our wholesaler customers about the quantities of inventory held, including the information received pursuant to DSAs, which we have not independently verified. For other customers, we have estimated inventory held based on buying patterns. In addition, we have evaluated market conditions for products primarily through the analysis of wholesaler and other third party sell-through, as well as internally-generated information, to assess factors that could impact expected product demand at December 31, 2017. We believe that the estimated level of inventory held by our customers is within a reasonable range as compared to both: (i) historical amounts and (ii) expected demand for each respective product at December 31, 2017.
If the assumptions we use to calculate our provisions for sales deductions do not appropriately reflect future activity, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be materially impacted. The following table presents the activity and ending balances, excluding Discontinued operations, for our product sales provisions for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):
Returns and Allowances | Rebates | Chargebacks | Other Sales Deductions | Total | |||||||||||||||
Balance, January 1, 2015 | $ | 174,940 | $ | 497,362 | $ | 217,402 | $ | 25,380 | $ | 915,084 | |||||||||
Additions related to acquisitions | 129,281 | 184,290 | 117,236 | 27,970 | 458,777 | ||||||||||||||
Current year provision | 146,615 | 1,604,062 | 2,272,896 | 148,090 | 4,171,663 | ||||||||||||||
Prior year provision | 4,070 | (12,604 | ) | (7,011 | ) | — | (15,545 | ) | |||||||||||
Payments or credits | (97,974 | ) | (1,449,953 | ) | (2,221,307 | ) | (154,638 | ) | (3,923,872 | ) | |||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2015 | $ | 356,932 | $ | 823,157 | $ | 379,216 | $ | 46,802 | $ | 1,606,107 | |||||||||
Current year provision | 122,414 | 1,562,340 | 3,125,109 | 332,721 | 5,142,584 | ||||||||||||||
Prior year provision | (7,199 | ) | (18,705 | ) | 4,707 | 311 | (20,886 | ) | |||||||||||
Payments or credits | (139,396 | ) | (1,878,602 | ) | (3,162,423 | ) | (312,829 | ) | (5,493,250 | ) | |||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2016 | $ | 332,751 | $ | 488,190 | $ | 346,609 | $ | 67,005 | $ | 1,234,555 | |||||||||
Current year provision | 108,544 | 1,315,012 | 2,659,421 | 242,343 | 4,325,320 | ||||||||||||||
Prior year provision | (2,028 | ) | (21,442 | ) | 1,224 | (269 | ) | (22,515 | ) | ||||||||||
Payments or credits | (147,100 | ) | (1,427,073 | ) | (2,750,546 | ) | (268,731 | ) | (4,593,450 | ) | |||||||||
Decreases due to business dispositions | (1,133 | ) | — | — | — | (1,133 | ) | ||||||||||||
Balance, December 31, 2017 | $ | 291,034 | $ | 354,687 | $ | 256,708 | $ | 40,348 | $ | 942,777 | |||||||||
Returns and Allowances
Consistent with industry practice, we maintain a return policy that allows our customers to return product within a specified period of time both subsequent to and, in certain cases, prior to the product’s expiration date. Our return policy generally allows customers to receive credit for expired products within six months prior to expiration and within one year after expiration. Our provision for returns and allowances consists of our estimates for future product returns, pricing adjustments and delivery errors. The primary factors we consider in estimating our potential product returns include:
• | the shelf life or expiration date of each product; |
• | historical levels of expired product returns; |
• | external data with respect to inventory levels in the wholesale distribution channel; |
• | external data with respect to prescription demand for our products; and |
• | the estimated returns liability to be processed by year of sale based on analysis of lot information related to actual historical returns. |
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In determining our estimates for returns and allowances, we are required to make certain assumptions regarding the timing of the introduction of new products and the potential of these products to capture market share. In addition, we make certain assumptions with respect to the extent and pattern of decline associated with generic competition. To make these assessments, we utilize market data for similar products as analogs for our estimations. We use our best judgment to formulate these assumptions based on past experience and information available to us at the time. We continually reassess and make the appropriate changes to our estimates and assumptions as new information becomes available to us.
Our estimate for returns and allowances may be impacted by a number of factors, but the principal factor relates to the level of inventory in the distribution channel. When we are aware of an increase in the level of inventory of our products in the distribution channel, we consider the reasons for the increase to determine whether we believe the increase is temporary or other-than-temporary. Increases in inventory levels assessed as temporary will not result in an adjustment to our provision for returns and allowances. Some of the factors that may be an indication that an increase in inventory levels will be temporary include:
• | recently implemented or announced price increases for our products; and |
• | new product launches or expanded indications for our existing products. |
Conversely, other-than-temporary increases in inventory levels may be an indication that future product returns could be higher than originally anticipated and, accordingly, we may need to adjust our provision for returns and allowances. Some of the factors that may be an indication that an increase in inventory levels will be other-than-temporary include:
• | declining sales trends based on prescription demand; |
• | recent regulatory approvals to shorten the shelf life of our products, which could result in a period of higher returns related to older product still in the distribution channel; |
• | introduction of new product or generic competition; |
• | increasing price competition from generic competitors; and |
• | changes to the National Drug Codes (NDCs) of our products, which could result in a period of higher returns related to product with the old NDC, as our customers generally permit only one NDC per product for identification and tracking within their inventory systems. |
Rebates
Our provision for rebates, sales incentives and other allowances can generally be categorized into the following four types:
• | direct rebates; |
• | indirect rebates; |
• | governmental rebates, including those for Medicaid, Medicare and TRICARE, among others; and |
• | managed-care rebates. |
We establish contracts with wholesalers, chain stores and indirect customers that provide for rebates, sales incentives, DSA fees and other allowances. Some customers receive rebates upon attaining established sales volumes. Direct rebates are generally rebates paid to direct purchasing customers based on a percentage applied to a direct customer’s purchases from us, including fees paid to wholesalers under our DSAs, as described above. Indirect rebates are rebates paid to indirect customers which have purchased our products from a wholesaler under a contract with us.
We are subject to rebates on sales made under governmental and managed-care pricing programs based on relevant statutes with respect to governmental pricing programs and contractual sales terms with respect to managed-care providers and group purchasing organizations. For example, we are required to provide a 50% discount on our brand-name drugs to patients who fall within the Medicare Part D coverage gap, also referred to as the donut hole.
We participate in various federal and state government-managed programs whereby discounts and rebates are provided to participating government entities. For example, Medicaid rebates are amounts owed based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector (Medicaid) benefit providers after the final dispensing of the product by a pharmacy to a benefit plan participant. Medicaid reserves are based on expected payments, which are driven by patient usage, contract performance and field inventory that will be subject to a Medicaid rebate. Medicaid rebates are typically billed up to 180 days after the product is shipped, but can be as much as 270 days after the quarter in which the product is dispensed to the Medicaid participant. In addition to the estimates mentioned above, our calculation also requires other estimates, such as estimates of sales mix, to determine which sales are subject to rebates and the amount of such rebates. Periodically, we adjust the Medicaid rebate provision based on actual claims paid. Due to the delay in billing, adjustments to actual claims paid may incorporate revisions of this provision for several periods. Because Medicaid pricing programs involve particularly difficult interpretations of complex statutes and regulatory guidance, our estimates could differ from actual experience.
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In determining our estimates for rebates, we consider the terms of our contracts, relevant statutes, historical relationships of rebates to revenues, past payment experience, estimated inventory levels of our customers and estimated future trends. Our provisions for rebates include estimates for both unbilled claims for end-customer sales that have already occurred and future claims that will be made when inventory in the distribution channel is sold through to end-customer plan participants. Changes in the level of utilization of our products through private or public benefit plans and group purchasing organizations will affect the amount of rebates that we owe.
Chargebacks
We market and sell products to both: (i) direct customers including wholesalers, distributors, warehousing pharmacy chains and other direct purchasing groups and (ii) indirect customers including independent pharmacies, non-warehousing chains, managed-care organizations, group purchasing organizations and government entities. We enter into agreements with certain of our indirect customers to establish contract pricing for certain products. These indirect customers then independently select a wholesaler from which to purchase the products at these contracted prices. Alternatively, we may pre-authorize wholesalers to offer specified contract pricing to other indirect customers. Under either arrangement, we provide credit to the wholesaler for any difference between the contracted price with the indirect customer and the wholesaler’s invoice price. Such credit is called a chargeback.
Our provision for chargebacks consists of our estimates for the credits described above. The primary factors we consider in developing and evaluating our provision for chargebacks include:
• | the average historical chargeback credits; |
• | estimated future sales trends; and |
• | an estimate of the inventory held by our wholesalers, based on internal analysis of a wholesaler’s historical purchases and contract sales. |
Other sales deductions
We offer certain of our customers prompt pay cash discounts. Provisions for prompt pay discounts are estimated and recorded at the time of sale. We estimate provisions for cash discounts based on contractual sales terms with customers, an analysis of unpaid invoices and historical payment experience. Estimated cash discounts have historically been predictable and less subjective due to the limited number of assumptions involved, the consistency of historical experience and the fact that we generally settle these amounts within 30 to 60 days.
Shelf-stock adjustments are credits issued to our customers to reflect decreases in the selling prices of our products. These credits are customary in the industry and are intended to reduce a customer’s inventory cost to better reflect current market prices. The determination to grant a shelf-stock credit to a customer following a price decrease is at our discretion rather than contractually required. The primary factors we consider when deciding whether to record a reserve for a shelf-stock adjustment include:
• | the estimated number of competing products being launched as well as the expected launch date, which we determine based on market intelligence; |
• | the estimated decline in the market price of our product, which we determine based on historical experience and customer input; and |
• | the estimated levels of inventory held by our customers at the time of the anticipated decrease in market price, which we determine based upon historical experience and customer input. |
Valuation of long-lived assets
As of December 31, 2017, our combined long-lived assets balance, including property, plant and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets, is approximately $4.5 billion.
Long-lived assets are assessed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amounts of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of an asset that will continue to be used in our operations is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the forecasted undiscounted future cash flows related to the asset. In the event the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its undiscounted future cash flows and the carrying amount is not considered recoverable, impairment may exist. An impairment loss, if any, is measured as the excess of the asset’s carrying amount over its fair value, generally based on a discounted future cash flow method, independent appraisals or preliminary offers from prospective buyers. An impairment loss would be recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period that the impairment occurs. As a result of the significance of our long-lived assets, any recognized impairment loss could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.
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Our reviews of long-lived assets during the three years ended December 31, 2017 resulted in certain impairment charges. The majority of these charges related to finite-lived intangible assets, which are described in Note 10. Goodwill and Other Intangibles in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules". These impairment charges were generally based on fair value estimates determined using either discounted cash flow models or preliminary offers from prospective buyers. The discounted cash flow models include assumptions related to product revenue, growth rates and operating margin. These assumptions are based on management’s annual and ongoing budgeting, forecasting and planning processes and represent our best estimate of future product cash flows. These estimates are subject to the economic environment in which our segments operate, demand for our products and competitor actions. The use of different assumptions would have increased or decreased our estimated discounted future cash flows and the resulting estimated fair values of these assets, causing increases and/or decreases in the resulting asset impairment charges. The discount rates applied to these estimated cash flows ranged from 9.0% to 9.5% with respect to the long-lived assets impaired in 2017.
Events giving rise to impairment are an inherent risk in the pharmaceutical industry and cannot be predicted. Factors that we consider in deciding when to perform an impairment review include significant under-performance of a product line in relation to expectations, significant negative industry or economic trends and significant changes or planned changes in our use of the assets.
Our long-lived intangible assets, which consist of license rights and developed technology, are initially recorded at fair value upon acquisition. To the extent they are deemed to have finite lives, they are then amortized over their estimated useful lives using either the straight-line method or, in the case of certain developed technology assets, the economic benefit model. The values of these various assets are subject to continuing scientific, medical and marketplace uncertainty. Factors giving rise to our initial estimate of useful lives are subject to change. Significant changes to any of these factors may result in a reduction in the useful life of the asset and an acceleration of related amortization expense, which could cause our operating income, net income and net income per share to decrease. Amortization expense is not recorded on assets held for sale. Each category of long-lived intangible assets is described further below.
License Rights. Our license rights have useful lives ranging from 3 to 15 years, with a weighted average useful life of approximately 12 years. We determine amortization periods for licenses based on our assessment of various factors including the expected launch date of the product, the strength of the intellectual property protection of the product, contractual terms and various other competitive, developmental and regulatory issues.
Developed Technology. Our developed technology assets have useful lives ranging from 1 to 20 years, with a weighted average useful life of approximately 11 years. We determine amortization periods and method of amortization for developed technology assets based on our assessment of various factors impacting estimated useful lives and timing and extent of estimated cash flows of the acquired assets including the strength of the intellectual property protection of the product, contractual terms and various other competitive and regulatory issues.
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets
As of December 31, 2017, our combined goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets balance is approximately $4.8 billion.
We test goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, but also perform tests whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Our annual assessment is performed as of October 1st.
As further described in Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Consolidated Financial Statements of Part IV, Item 15 of this report “Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules”, effective January 1, 2017, we early adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2017-04 “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment” (ASU 2017-04). Subsequent to adoption, we perform our goodwill impairment tests by comparing the fair value and carrying amount of each of our reporting units. Any goodwill impairment charge we recognize for a reporting unit is equal to the lesser of (i) the total goodwill allocated to that reporting unit and (ii) the amount by which that reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value.
Similarly, we perform our indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment tests by comparing the fair value of each intangible asset with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess.
The fair values of our reporting units and of identified indefinite-lived intangible assets are determined using an income approach that utilizes a discounted cash flow model, or, where appropriate, a market approach, or a combination thereof. The discounted cash flow models are dependent upon our estimates of future cash flows and other factors. Our estimates of future cash flows involve assumptions concerning (i) future operating performance, including future sales, long-term growth rates, operating margins, variations in the amount and timing of cash flows and the probability of achieving the estimated cash flows and (ii) future economic conditions, all which may differ from actual future cash flows.
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Assumptions related to future operating performance are based on management’s annual and ongoing budgeting, forecasting and planning processes and represent our best estimate of the future results of operations across the Company as of a point in time. These estimates are subject to many assumptions, such as the economic environment in which our segments operate, demand for our products and competitor actions. Estimated future cash flows are discounted to present value using a market participant, weighted average cost of capital. The financial and credit market volatility directly impacts certain inputs and assumptions used to develop the weighted average cost of capital such as the risk-free interest rate, industry beta, debt interest rate and our market capital structure. These assumptions are based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. The use of different inputs and assumptions could increase or decrease our estimated discounted future cash flows, the resulting estimated fair values and the amounts of our related impairments, if any.
In order to assess the reasonableness of the calculated fair values of our reporting units, we also compare the sum of the reporting units’ fair values to Endo’s market capitalization and calculate an implied control premium (the excess sum of the reporting units’ fair values over the market capitalization) or an implied control discount (the excess sum of total invested capital over the sum of the reporting units’ fair values). The Company evaluates the implied control premium or discount by comparing it to control premiums or discounts of recent comparable market transactions, as applicable. If the control premium or discount is not reasonable in light of comparable recent transactions, or recent movements in the Company’s share price, we reevaluate the fair value estimates of the reporting units by adjusting discount rates and/or other assumptions. This re-evaluation could correlate to different implied fair values for certain or all of the Company’s reporting units.
On January 1, 2017, the Company had five reporting units: (1) Branded, (2) Generics, (3) Paladin, (4) Litha, which was eliminated effective July 3, 2017 upon the sale of Litha, and (5) Somar, which was eliminated effective October 25, 2017 upon the sale of Somar. As further discussed below, Endo performed interim goodwill tests for various reporting units during 2017. The critical accounting estimates used in connection with these tests are discussed below and a description of goodwill impairment charges is included in Note 10. Goodwill and Other Intangibles in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules".
During the first six months of 2017, we initiated various interim goodwill tests for our Branded, Generics, Paladin and Somar reporting units. These tests resulted in goodwill impairment charges of $180.4 million, $82.6 million and $25.7 million for the Branded, Paladin and Somar reporting units, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The interim test for the Generics reporting unit did not result in an impairment charge. The fair values of the Branded, Generics and Paladin reporting units were determined using an income approach with discount rates ranging from 9.0% to 10.0%. The fair value of the Somar reporting unit was determined using a market approach. For the Branded reporting unit interim test, a 50 basis point increase in the assumed discount rate utilized would have increased our goodwill impairment charge by approximately $100 million. For the Generics reporting unit interim test, a 50 basis point increase in the assumed discount rate utilized would not have changed the results of our analysis. For the Paladin reporting unit interim test, a 50 basis point increase in the assumed discount rate utilized would have increased our goodwill impairment charge by approximately $20 million. The Somar goodwill impairment charge represented the remaining carrying amount of goodwill.
Subsequent to these interim tests, Endo performed its annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment test as of October 1, 2017. For the purpose of the 2017 annual test, the Company had four reporting units: (1) Branded, (2) Generics, (3) Paladin and (4) Somar, which was eliminated effective October 25, 2017 upon the sale of Somar. We did not record any goodwill impairment charges as a result of the annual tests. The fair values of our Branded, Generics and Paladin reporting units and associated indefinite-lived intangible assets were determined using an income approach with discount rates ranging from 9.5% to 12.5%, depending on the overall risk associated with the particular assets and other market factors. The fair values of the Somar reporting unit and associated other intangible assets were determined using a market approach. We believe the discount rates and other inputs and assumptions are consistent with those that a market participant would use. An increase of 50 basis points to our assumed discount rates used in testing any of these reporting units would not have changed the results of our analyses.
Additionally, in connection with the first quarter 2018 changes to our operating segments discussed above, we realigned our previous U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment into two segments: (i) a new U.S. Branded - Sterile Injectables segment and (ii) a new U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals segment. Each of these new segments will represent a separate reporting unit for goodwill testing purposes. Under U.S. GAAP, we are required to test the goodwill of the impacted reporting units both immediately before and after the segment realignment. This analysis, which we expect to complete in connection with our first quarter 2018 financial reporting close, is expected to result in an impairment to the goodwill of the new U.S. Generic Pharmaceuticals reporting unit, the amount of which could be material.
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Income taxes
Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, income tax payable and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous other foreign jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense or benefit for financial statement purposes. Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences, which result in future taxable or deductible amounts, between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the corresponding amounts reported in our Consolidated Financial Statements. In assessing the ability to realize deferred tax assets, we consider, when appropriate, future taxable income by tax jurisdiction and tax planning strategies. Where appropriate, we record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to equal an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In projecting future taxable income, we begin with historical results adjusted for the results of discontinued operations and incorporate assumptions about the amount of future earnings within a specific jurisdiction’s pretax operating income adjusted for material changes including in business operations. The assumptions about future taxable income require significant judgment and, while these assumptions rely heavily on estimates, such estimates are consistent with the plans we are using to manage the underlying businesses.
Future changes in tax laws and rates could also affect recorded deferred tax assets and liabilities, including further administrative or regulatory guidance related to the TCJA. As further discussed in Note 19. Income Taxes in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules", our estimate of the impact of the TCJA has been recorded on a provisional basis based on currently available information and interpretations of the TCJA. Any adjustments to this estimate will be recorded as an income tax expense or benefit in the period the adjustment is determined.
The calculation of our tax liabilities often involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. A benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes. We first record unrecognized tax benefits as liabilities and then adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not previously available at the time of establishing the liability. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment, potentially including interest and penalties, that is materially different from our current estimate of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information becomes available. We classify interest and penalties arising from uncertain tax positions as a component of tax expense.
We make an evaluation at the end of each reporting period as to whether or not some or all of the undistributed earnings of our subsidiaries are indefinitely reinvested. While we may have concluded in the past that some of such undistributed earnings are indefinitely reinvested, facts and circumstances may change in the future. Changes in facts and circumstances may include a change in the estimated capital needs of our subsidiaries, or a change in our corporate liquidity requirements. Such changes could result in our management determining that some or all of such undistributed earnings are no longer indefinitely reinvested. In that event, we would be required to adjust our income tax provision in the period we determined that the earnings will no longer be indefinitely reinvested outside the relevant tax jurisdiction.
Contingencies
The Company is subject to various patent challenges, product liability claims, government investigations and other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. Material legal proceedings are discussed in Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies in the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report "Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules". Contingent accruals and legal settlements are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as Litigation-related and other contingencies, net (or Discontinued operations, net in the case of vaginal mesh matters) when the Company determines that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Legal fees and other expenses related to litigation are expensed as incurred and included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations (or Discontinued operations, net in the case of vaginal mesh matters).
Due to the fact that legal proceedings and other contingencies are inherently unpredictable, our estimates of the probability and amount of any such liabilities involve significant judgment regarding future events. The factors we consider in developing our liabilities for legal proceedings include the merits and jurisdiction of the proceeding, the nature and the number of other similar current and past proceedings, the nature of the product and the current assessment of the science subject to the proceeding, if applicable, and the likelihood of the conditions of settlement being met.
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In order to evaluate whether a claim is probable of loss, we may rely on certain information about the claim. Without access to and review of such information, we may not be in a position to determine whether a loss is probable. Further, the timing and extent to which we obtain any such information, and our evaluation thereof, is often impacted by items outside of our control including, without limitation, the normal cadence of the litigation process and the provision of claim information to us by plaintiff’s counsel. The amount of our liabilities for legal proceedings may change as we receive additional information and/or become aware of additional asserted or unasserted claims. Additionally, there is a possibility that we will suffer adverse decisions or verdicts of substantial amounts or that we will enter into additional monetary settlements, either of which could be in excess of amounts previously accrued for. Any changes to our liabilities for legal proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
As of December 31, 2017, our reserve for loss contingencies totaled $1,298.2 million, of which $1,087.2 million relates to our liability accrual for vaginal mesh cases and other mesh-related matters. Although we believe there is a reasonable possibility that a loss in excess of the amount recognized exists, we are unable to estimate the possible loss or range of loss in excess of the amount recognized at this time.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Consolidated Results Review
The following table displays our revenue, gross margin, gross margin percentage and other pre-tax expense or income for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in thousands):
% Change | |||||||||||||||||
2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2017 vs. 2016 | 2016 vs. 2015 | |||||||||||||
Total revenues | $ | 3,468,858 | $ | 4,010,274 | $ | 3,268,718 | (14 | )% | 23 | % | |||||||
Cost of revenues | 2,228,530 | 2,634,973 | 2,075,651 | (15 | )% | 27 | % | ||||||||||
Gross margin | $ | 1,240,328 | $ | 1,375,301 | $ | 1,193,067 | (10 | )% | 15 | % | |||||||
Gross margin percentage | 35.8 | % | 34.3 | % | 36.5 | % | |||||||||||